Corrosion of Steel Lab Report Sample

Corrosion of Steel Lab Report Paper The products of these reactions can be identified by using complex ion indicators that assume a certain color depending upon the type Of action present At electrode 1, it was observed that bubbles were being formed. The reaction occurring at this electrode is a catholic reaction and as such the bubbles can be deduced to be H2O gas from the reactants involved. 21-4*4- e- -? H2O(gas) No disconsolation of the indicator means that no corrosion was occurring at this electrode. Electrodes 2 through till 5 showed no visible reaction. From inspection of a Portrait diagram it can be seen that for a pH of 2, Fee is in the catholic immunity region where no oxidation occurs, which is why no reaction is observed. Electrode 6 was seen to turn a distinct blue color due to the presence f F-e+ ions, This is because the potential involved in this oxidation reaction is in the active region. Fee , Fee++ e- The potential at electrode 6 is not high enough to form a protective Crack layer, as the Cry does not have sufficient energy to oxides to Cry(all), therefore it corrodes. There was no visible reaction observed between electrodes through till 22 This is because the potentials involved in these reactions are in the passive region. The Cry in the electrodes creates a protective layer of Crack which slows down the corrosion of the electrodes to the extent that it is unnoticeable to the eked eye. A pink disconsolation was observed at electrodes 23 and 24, which indicates the presence of Fee+ ions. Fee -? Fee+ + e- This is because at a certain potential the Cry(all) turns into Cry(VI). We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion of Steel Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion of Steel Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion of Steel Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This in turn breaks down the protective barrier layer, and exposes Fee* ions on the electrode underneath Which make the pink color. We dont see this pink color at any other points because in order for the Fee in the electrodes to noise energy needs to be absorbed before the reaction may continue, and this is supplied by the higher potential of the more anodic electrodes of higher numbers. This region is now as the trans. Passive region. 2. Results Part 2: Away (Fee) = 55,egg/mol -0. ASK, p = 7. G/com From Graph: 0913. 333=papa/com Emmy: Pep IP Core 3. Discussion: apt is used as the counter electrode because it is inert, and because it has a high capability to catalyst the reaction of proton reduction. The working electrode is mounted in an epoxy resin so that it is easy to control the surface area exposed to corrosion. It is important to abrade the working electrode before starting the experiment to polish the surface and remove any contaminants that may alter the results of the expe riment.

Analysis of Newspaper Article Essays

Analysis of Newspaper Article Essays Analysis of Newspaper Article Essay Analysis of Newspaper Article Essay Exerting day-to-day is good to a person’s wellness. While many people exercise for this ground. they are seeking methods to better endurance and public presentation. In an effort to offer lastingness and better endurance. athleticss drink makers have started to add protein to their merchandises. Sports drinks improve public presentation during drawn-out exercising because of two cardinal ingredients. saccharides and Na ( Preidt. 2006 ) . The saccharides provide the fuel and the Na AIDSs in keeping unstable balance. While athleticss drinks may be helpful during exercising. added protein may or may non increase public presentation. Gatorade and Accelerade athleticss drink companies sponsored two surveies to find if this is true. One survey thinks that adding protein additions public presentation. the other does non. Type of statistical process used Sometimes persons are cognizant of the experiment and may non be honest about the consequences from the trial. In this trial. experimenters were seeking to avoid the placebo consequence. The placebo consequence is when people improve because they think that they are having utile intervention ( Bennett. Briggs. A ; Triola. 2003 ) . To govern out the possibility of the placebo consequence. the jocks were told that some of the drinks will incorporate protein ; they were non told which 1s. The placebo consequence would change the trial and the consequences would be biased because the jocks would claim public presentation betterment. believing that their drinks contained protein. When utilizing a placebo. the jocks must cognize that the drinks may or may non incorporate protein. But. they must besides cognize that they will non be able to state the difference in gustatory sensation. The placebo appears to be the same but lacks the active ingredient ; in this instance there was no protein nowadays in some of the drinks. The participants were non cognizant of which drinks had protein. therefore their replies would more likely be existent. The surveies The surveies used 10 trained bicyclers to find if adding protein to athleticss drinks would increase public presentation and endurance. In the surveies. the bicyclers did non cognize which athleticss drink they were devouring. In both surveies the bicyclers were given one of three drinks. They were either given a regular athleticss drink. one with protein added. or a placebo. This test was taken on three different occasions. Findingss The Canadian survey. sponsored by Gatorade. found that adding protein does non better exercising public presentation ( Preidt. 2006 ) . Martin Gibala was the lead research worker for this survey. Of the three athleticss drinks. the consequences showed that athleticss drinks overall did better public presentation when compared to the placebo. But. the survey besides showed that the athleticss drink with the protein was no more good than the regular 1 ( Preidt. 2006 ) . Gibala states our survey shows that protein confers no public presentation benefit during? real-life’ exercising when jocks consume sufficient sums of athleticss drinks. While the Gatorade survey does non believe that protein additions public presentation. Accelerade’s survey provinces otherwise. Accelerade’s athleticss drink contains saccharides. Na. and protein. The jocks in their survey lost about 2. 5 per centum of their organic structure weight through exercise-induced perspiration. Harmonizing to the research workers for this survey. Accelerade with protein rehydrated the jocks 15 per centum better than those imbibing Gatorade and 40 per centum better than those imbibing apparent H2O ( Preidt. 2006 ) . Appropriateness of findings Because the bicyclers in the surveies were trained and all received the same drinks. I think that the consequences are inconclusive. Gatorade’s consequences province that adding protein does non better public presentation while Accelerade’s consequences are non given. Accelerade’s study merely states that its athleticss drinks rehydrate better. but does non turn to the issue of public presentation. I think that more research should be done and untrained jocks should be used every bit good. Because more than merely trained jocks consume these drinks. a broader group should be trialed. While the survey merely addresses those trained bicyclers. its consequences may differ for other jocks. Decision When analyzing the affects of adding protein to athleticss drinks. one must look at all factors. Factors include age. weight. strenuosity. and merchandise consumed. One must besides find if the protein really increased public presentation. While Gatorade made a conclusive determination. Accelerade did non. If an jock was traveling to do a determination on whether or non to buy a protein-infused athleticss drink. he or she would non be able to do a determination based on Accelerade’s research. Mentions: Bennett. J. O. Briggs. W. L. . A ; Triola. M. F. ( 2003 ) . Statistical concluding for mundane life ( 2nd ed. ) . Boston. MA: Pearson Education. Inc. Preidt. R. Health Day News. ( Aug 2006 ) . Studies Divided on Value of Adding Protein to Sports Drinks. Retrieved September 4. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medicinenet. com /script/main/art. asp? articlekey=63522.

Assesment 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assesment 2 - Coursework Example In a market economy the price system automatically acts as a rationing instrument. With the help of the diagram given above we can easily explain the determination of market price and at the given demand and supply functions and the system will not allow either of the agents to exploit other. The horizontal and vertical axes measure quantity and price respectively. D is the market demand curve showing the one to one correspondence between price and market demand. S is the market supply curve that reflects the producers’ behaviour. S is nothing but the one to one correspondence between market price and supply of it. Equilibrium is achieved at point E where market demand equals market supply. The equilibrium level of price is OP* and quantity is OQ*. Now we consider that producers want to exploit the consumers by charging higher price. What will be the impact$2 Let’s consider that the producer charges new price OP**. At that price level the producers will be willing to supply OQ** amount of output while the consumers are willing to purchase OQd amount of the product. Hence at price OP** the market will face excess demand to the extent AB. This excess demand would cause a downward pressure on price as the producers have the unsold stock in the hand. Price fall would be followed by contraction in supply (movement from B to E) and extension in demand (movement from A to E). This process is continued unless the previous equilibrium is achieved. Here automatic adjustment of price will control the quantity in the market. To answer the aforesaid question we need to know what wealth is. Generally wealth can be defined as something that can generate income or can satisfy human wants. Wealth must be measurable tangible, transferable and scarce in nature. When the goods are produced through the production process it adds to the stock of wealth of the nation. As good is measurable, tangible

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff Essay

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff - Essay Example Similarly, Wolbers elucidates, â€Å"Dual system participants combine fixed-term contracts with full-time employment while studying workers are not very different from their non-studying colleagues. Working students are more often employed on a part-time basis. Nevertheless, the permanency of these student jobs is fairly high, much closer to the situation of regular employees rather than to that of dual system students† (2003). However, it is believed that â€Å"since the work-life system is multi- and not just two-dimensional, it is important to examine how all life domains interrelate with each other. In this way, we would be in a better position to begin to assess all the benefits and disadvantages associated with working part-time and with other work-life balancing strategies† (Warren, 2004). â€Å"For both men and women, the likelihood to return-to-work increased with increasing number of opportunities to adjust. Adjustment latitude increased returning to part-tim e as well as full-time work. The study indicates that work organization is important for return-to-work† (Gun, 2006). In addition, it is highlighted that â€Å"females, freshmen and full-time (versus part-time) students reported a greater degree of exposure to stressors† ((Buchanan, et al, 2004).â€Å"There are very few small businesses that do not offer coverage and that have substantial numbers of uninsured workers. These businesses are not quite as rare as a needle in a haystack, but they are very difficult to find†.

Ethnicity and Health Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethnicity and Health Assignment - Essay Example Regarding this issue it is stated by Julian that â€Å"the low mortality and morbidity among migrants despite the low socioeconomic location of many is explained by the fact that migrant selection includes a medical examination leading to the exclusion of those with medical problems† (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 1996, p. 35; National Health Strategy 1993, pp. 37, 40-43, in Julian, 106). In other words, the preventive medical tests provided to migrants (mostly as a precaution against a possible ‘contamination’ of the population of the greater area) in fact has been proved to be valuable as it leads to the identification of diseases that could be diagnosed only when developed at a high level. From a different point of view, the study of Julian showed that â€Å"the health of migrant women is influenced by ethnicity, class and gender† (108). It is also noticed that there are certain health problems that are not appropriately addressed, like ‘pregnancy/child ­birth and domestic violence’ (Julian, 108). In accordance with the above the higher injury rates and the depression in migrant women could be explained by the problems that face with their health on a permanent basis due to events that are mainly connected with their gender and social characteristics. The conditions of life of migrants could justify the health problems (particularly the injuries and the depression) that this part of the population faces continuously. However, generally the health problems appeared in migrants could be characterized as less ‘fatal’ than the relevant problems appeared in the native born Australians. For this reason, a relevant research showed that â€Å"overseas-born persons experience all-cause death rates 10% to 15% lower than for Australian-born persons. Asian-born immigrants have especially low death rates for

Database Design And Development For Veterinary Surgery Computer Science Essay

Database Design And Development For Veterinary Surgery Computer Science Essay Petcare is a medium sized veterinary surgery with six branches across London. There is the entity relationship model of the data held by Petcare. Petcare want a database system developed to handle the records of the animals they care for, prescriptions and appointments. According to an initial analysis of Petcare, the entities include owner, animal, breed, animal type, appointment, veterinary doctor, branch, prescription, drug and drug type. Owner and Animal is One to Many Relationship All animals have an owner. Breed and Animal is One to Many Relationship Animals are defined by particular breed. Animal Type and Breed is One to Many Relationship Animals are defined by type (dog, cat, rabbit, etc) and also by particular breed Animal and Appointment is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The appointments for each animal are based upon the owner request. Veterinary doctor and Appointment is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The appointments for each Veterinary doctor are based upon the diagnosis made and the charge made. Branch and Veterinary doctor is One to Many Relationship Appointments are at particular branches of Petcare. Appointment and Prescription is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The outcome of the appointment might be have a prescription or more than one prescription. Prescription and Drug is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The outcome of the appointment might be a prescription with one or more drugs on it Drug Type and Drug is One to Many Relationship The drug must be taken for, based upon the drug type of prescription. Entity -relationship modeling database modeling methods used to produce the type of conceptual schema, or semantic data model, system, often a relational database and its requirements for top-down fashion. Entity-relationship models are used in the first phase of information system for clarify the types of information. And it is necessary to be stored in a database at the stage of requirements analysis. Animal Appointment Prescription Owner Veterinary doctor Drug Type Drug Animal Breed Animal Type Branch Definition of Optionality and Cardinality Symbols at the ends of the relationship lines indicate the optionality and the cardinality of each relationship. Optionality expresses whether the relationship is optional or mandatory. Cardinality expresses the maximum number of relationships. As a relationship line is followed from an entity to another, near the related entity two symbols will appear. The first of those is the optionality indicator. A circle ( â„ ¢ ) indicates that the relationship is optional-the minimum number of relationships between each instance of the first entity and instances of the related entity is zero. One can think of the circle as a zero, or a letter O for optional. A stroke ( | ) indicates that the relationship is mandatory-the minimum number of relationships between each instance of the first entity and instances of the related entity is one. The second symbol indicates cardinality. A stroke ( | ) indicates that the maximum number of relationships is one. A crows-foot ( ) indicates that many such relationships between instances of the related entities might exist. Task 2 Table is a data (value), is the model of the vertical columns (which identifies the name) and the horizontal lines. A specified number of columns in the table, it may be any number of rows. Each row to identify the subset of the values in the column, which has been identified as a candidate key. Table in another term relationship, although there is the difference that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) as a series, and does not allow copies. In addition, the actual data rows, the panels are generally associated with some other meta-data, such as restrictions on the table or the values in columns. Primary key: Primary key is a field / combination of fields. It is uniquely identify a record in the table, so each tag can be placed without any confusion. Primary key is the field (s) (primary key can be made up of more than one field). It is uniquely identifies each record, such as the primary key is unique to each record and the value will never be duplicated in the same table. A constraint is a rule that defines what data are valid for the area. So the primary key constraint is the rule which says that the primary key field can not be empty and can not contain duplicate data. Database systems always have more than one table, and these are usually related in any way. For example, a customer table and an Order table relate to each other on a unique customer number. The customer table will always be a record for per customer, and the Order table has a record for each order Foreign keys: A foreign key (sometimes referred to as the reference key) is a key for link two tables together. you will have a primary key field from one table and paste it into another table, which becomes the foreign key (the primary key in the original table). Foreign key constraints that the data in the foreign keys must be consistent with the primary key of the table are linked. This is called reference integrity is to ensure that data entered is correct and is not unique Owner Table Animal Table Owner Name Animal Name Owner ID Animal ID Owner Address *Animal Type Owner Home Telephone Number *Animal Breed Owner Mobile Telephone Number Animal Sex Animal Age Appointment Table Appointment Number Animal Type Table Appointment ID Animal Type ID *Animal Dog *Owner Cat *Veterinary Doctor Rabbit *Branch Appointment Time and Date Animal Breed Table Appointment Diagnosis Made Animal Breed ID Appointment Charge Made Outcome Prescription Table Prescription ID *Drug Type Veterinary doctor Table Prescription Period Veterinary Doctor ID Prescription In Days Veterinary Doctor Name The drug must be taken for Veterinary Doctor Address The cost of the medication Veterinary Doctor Home Telephone Number Drug Table Veterinary Doctor Moblie Telephone Number Drug ID *Branch Drug Names *Specialise Drug Type Table Branch Table Drug Type ID Branch Name Drug Type Names Branch ID Branch Address Branch Telephone Number Branch Opening Hours Branch Emergency Contact Telephone Number In Owner Table Primary key Owner ID In Appointment Table Primary key Appointment ID Foreign keys *Animal *Owner *Veterinary Doctor *Branch In Veterinary doctor Table Primary key Veterinary Doctor ID Foreign keys *Branch *Specialise In Branch Table Primary key Branch ID In Animal Table Primary key Animal ID Foreign keys *Animal Type *Animal Breed In Animal Type Table Primary key Animal Type ID In Animal Breed Table Primary key Animal Breed ID In Prescription Table Primary key Prescription ID Foreign keys * Drug Type In Drug Table Primary key Drug ID Drug Type Table Primary key Drug Type ID Task 3 Tables of Data Hold by Petcare MS Access is chosen to set up the tables of data hold by Petcare . Owner Table Appointment Table Veterinary doctor Table Branch Table Animal Table Animal Type Table Animal Breed Table Drug Table Drug Type Table Normalization is a set of rules .It can be used to modify the way data is stored in tables. Normalize the process of converting complex data structures into sample, stable data structures. It is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. The advantage of the normalization process is to reduce data redundant and ensure data dependencies make sense. Normalization has the following steps: Gathering data, choosing a key, converting to first normal form, converting to second normal form, converting to third normal form, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF and domain-Key NF. 5NF and DKNF are not particularly applicable in database design. Normalization is a bottom up approach to database design, The designer interviews users and collects documents reports etc. The data on a report can be listed and then normalized to produce the required tables and attributes. 1NF This is the basic level of normalization, and it generally corresponds to the definition of any database, namely: It contains 2D tables with rows and columns. Each column corresponds to a sub-object or an attribute of the object represented by the all entire table. Each row represents a unique instance of that sub-object or attribute and must be different to some way from any other row. All entries in all columns must be of the same kind. 2NF -Second normal form (2NF). At this level of normalization, each column in a table is not to determine of the contents of another column must itself be a function of the other columns in the table 3NF-Third normal form (3NF). In the second normal form, modifications are still possible; it is because a change to one row in a table may affect data that refers to this information from another table. In the third normal form, these tables will be divided into two tables so that product pricing would be tracked separately Task 4 DBMS is a collection of software programs, the organization, storage, management and retrieval of data in a database. DBMS are categorized according to their structures and data types. It is a series of programs that are used to store, update and retrieve a database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the program and shows the system to the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information can be changed much easier than organizing the information requirements change. New types of data may be included in the database, without the existing system. Organizations may be a kind of DBMS for daily business and then in detail on another computer, with another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are covered by the data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is supported by the database administrators. Database servers are computers that have the actual database, and run only the software and the associated DBMS. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, hardware database accelerators are also available in large quantities of transaction processing environments. Database systems can be found in the heart of most database applications. Sometimes database systems to a private multitasking kernel with built-in networking support although nowadays these functions are left to the operating system. A DBMS consists of four parts: modeling language, data structure, database query language, transaction and mechanisms: Components of the DBMS DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and in fact to the database and data dictionary as they appear on a single device. Data definition subsystem helps users to create and the data dictionary and the structure of the files in a database. Data manipulation subsystem helps users add, modify and delete information in a database query and for valuable information. Software tools within the data handling subsystem is usually the primary interface between users and the information contained in a database. It allows user to the logical requirements. Application number generation subsystem includes facilities, the user transactions to develop applications. It usually requires that users with a detailed series of tasks to a transaction. IT facilities easy to use input masks, programming languages, interfaces and data management subsystem .* helps users to manage the database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control and change management. Five components of the DBMS DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and in fact to the database and data dictionary as they appear on a single device. Data definition subsystem helps users to create and the data dictionary and the structure of the files in a database. Data manipulation subsystem helps users add, modify and delete information in a database query and for valuable information. Software tools within the data handling subsystem is usually the primary interface between users and the information contained in a database. It allows user to the logical requirements. Application number generation subsystem includes facilities, the user transactions to develop applications. It usually requires that users with a detailed series of tasks to a transaction. IT facilities easy to use input masks, programming languages and interfaces. Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control and change management. Access has become an industry standard in desktop and database engine is very powerful. Integration with speech recognition capabilities, the data and menus very easy. There are a large number of templates, including the one you can download online, what the creation of new databases very easy. The ability, they can not just be productive quickly, but you can also use things that meet your specific needs. Connectivity options are an advantage Access databases can connect to Excel spreadsheets, ODBC Connections, SQL Server and SharePoint Services sites for the live data. Tables in these sources can be linked and for the preparation of reports. Structured Query Language Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that the computer database for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). Its scope includes data query and updating of schema creation and modification, data and access control. SQL was one of the first languages for Edgar F. Codd s relational model in his influential paper, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks and was the most widely used language for relational databases. Many-to-Many Relationships A many-to-many relationships we have created a situation in which many companies cases are linked to many other business entities. The only way to resolve this situation and enforce the principle of minimizing redundancy of normalization is to create an intermediary table containing the primary key from the above tables. Creation of multiple connections between two tables would cause the replication of data, which is bad and will interweaving relationships can definitely wreck every good program you have in mind. The solution would be to create a third table, which as a cross-reference table. This cross-table (commonly known as X-REF) is the primary key columns from the previous two tables, and thus we have a relationship, when the X-REF table is a child table with the two parent companies earlier tables. We map the manifold relations of a third relationship in a third table. Therefore, we are opposed to our task of producing two individual one-to-many relationships, that are foreign keys relations with the parent table primary key. Microsoft Access Database Microsoft Access, you can easily create databases, store and present your data in forms and reports. When starting a database can be very simple and trivial, but over time, it may be critical, as you have more data, functions, and even share them with others. It gains a life of its own and the design will be of crucial importance. One of the main architectural designs is splitting the database into a front-end and back-end database. This is the way access has been designed so that you support multi-user databases to significantly simplify and improve how you use over time. Reasons for using a split database architecture Without a separate database architecture, you must update the database with the latest data that people have with each new release. Application number expansions are simplified because they are the front-end database without worrying about changes to the data in the back-end database. Release of new versions and bug fixes will be much easier, since only part of the application must be distributed. Of course, if you change table structures or add / delete / rename the tables, you must apply these changes on the back-end database. Performance can be significantly improved and the network traffic is reduced, if the user has a copy of the front-end database on the desktop instead of from the net every time they use it. Temporary tables can be kept for each user in the front-end database. This avoids collisions between multiple simultaneous users, if they were all equipped with a database. Without sharing a database, multiple users with the same database on the network increases the chance of database corruption. The split database design minimizes the problem and prevents code corruption of data impact of corruption. This simplifies database administration, because the data is centrally stored and backed up and compressed. A single master front-end database application will be copied to each user of the machine, but it is not necessary to. Provides the opportunity to create a database on the size of 2 GB size limitation of access as the front-end database can be found on several back-end databases, if necessary. Sets the stage for migration to SQL Server. If the application needs the functionality of SQL Server, you can use the front-end database to link to data stored in SQL Server. The access is for desktop use, more like a personal database. There can be multiple users in a workgroup in order, the total number of users (usually around 50 or so at a time) is small, however. This means that access is more useful for individual departments or the SMB (small and medium business sectors). Access also has difficulties with databases larger than 2 GB in size, but just to be safe you should limit use to about 1 GB. As you scale up the size, performance is slow (almost to the point of unresponsiveness). Use of multimedia data, even your digital camera photos can eat place very quickly. Until the 2007-version came on, even the way the pictures and other facilities for storage in Access databases to a bloat. Although the investment in Access 2007 takes care of that 2 GB of space could be very fast. Many pointed out that the SQL Server database is a real, as they compete with enterprise-level databases such as Oracle. Another difficulty pointed out by many, as the publication of anything other than static files is a problem with Access. It takes some work to access the data interactively. But you can SharePoint, a significantly large investments. Many believe that the SQL in MS Access is not as robust as the other databases. It is a very widespread belief that access is geared to developers than end users. Microsoft Access is an well organized development environment used to create computer-based databases. It also includes a programming language called Visual Basic For Application (VBA) and various libraries. This language and the libraries are used in a programming environment called Microsoft Visual Basic, which also includes in Microsoft Access. Microsoft Access 2007 is a full-featured database application which users can use it to manage, track and share information from multiple sources. It lets users easily create a user-friendly database for storing business or personal records, such as addresses, business partners and business transactions. Task 5 The use of data base management system When analyzing the Entity Relationship Data Model, it is quite easy to garble roles. We need to be more careful to identify them. When choosing data base management system (DBMS) to set up the normalized tables. There are many DBMS software surrounding the internet, e.g. Oracle, MySQL, Ms Access, ASP, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In this case, We choose Microsoft Access because it has its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can import or link easily and directly to any data stored in other Access databases, excel, Share Point lists, text, XML, Outlook, HTML, dBase, Paradox, Lotus 1-2-3, or any ODBC-compliant data container including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL and PostgreSQL. We can use it to develop application Software and non-programmer power users can use it to build simple applications. It also supports some object-oriented techniques but falls short of being a fully object-oriented development tool. Microsoft Access is part of the Microsoft Office suite and is the most popular Windows desktop database application. It is targeted for the information worker market, and is the natural progression for managing data when the need for a relational database arises or after reaching the limits of Microsoft Excel. Object-orientation and databases Both object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since relational databases do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modelling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually based directly on these tables with user workflow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. The object-oriented (OO) approach to data modelling will be something of a change for people familiar with entity relationship modelling. Even though we still end up with tables and relationships at the end of the process, the way to think about the modelling process has to change. Object-relational data models have several advantages over traditional data models: They requir e fewer entities (or classes in object-oriented terminology); They are more robust, in that they will support not only the specific user requirements gathered during the analysis phase, but will also usually support a broader class of requirements; They are more stable in that, as new requirements arise, the models will require fewer changes than traditional models Improvement Data is not information unless it is valued. Information value provides profit or gain only when accessible or used. Accessibility and use, through organized systems, provides competitive advantage. Speed determines the degree of competitive advantage. Computerized database systems are thus, the ultimate method of high-speed information retrieval. It is not difficult to build an organized database system. The difficulty lies in the laborious, mundane task of collecting, categorizing and maintaining the massive amounts of data. Information is not valued unless it is legitimate. It must be valid and true to be worthy of use in decision-making. So, it is critical that all aspects of our system provide quality. To quote statistics based on erroneous data is considered foolish or criminal. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modelling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually based directly on these tables with user workflow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. Based on the captioned analysis, we can change the approach to improve the work for setup of database in more effec tive way. There are a several database program applications for development and SQL database is very powerful tool. We can create the tables and query under SQL to setup the relationships of tables for generating the analysis reports. The database security issue is very important to protect the data and ensure that the database systems are secure from unauthorized access. Database security is normally assured by sing the data control mechanisms available under a particular DBMS. Data control comes in two parts: preventing unauthorized access to data, and preventing unauthorized access to the facilities of particular DBMS. Database security will be a task for the Database Administrator normally conducted in collaboration with the organizations security expert. The performance is a relativistic concept. A volume analysis estimates of the maximum and average number of instances per entity. A usage analysis a priorities list of the most important update and retrieval transactions expect ed to impact on the applications data model. For the integrity analysis inherent integrity constraints and most important domain with additional constraints can be specified in an associated data dictionary. The database systems have become so important to organizations that the activity is devoted to planning for, monitoring and administering the systems. We can focus on the planning and managerial activities relevant to database. It is defined the concept of data administration, the scope of the data administration function, relate the costs and benefits of having a data administration functions. It also defines the concept of a data dictionary and considers the issue of database security. The data control is primary function for the database administrator (DBA). The DBA needs to be able to do three main things: Prevent would-be users from logging-on to the database Allocate access to specific parts of the database to specific users

The Story of Anne Frank Essay -- Essays Papers

The Story of Anne Frank Learning about the Holocaust can be extremely difficult due to the massive amount of information it entails. In addition, the Holocaust was a tragic event on so massive a scale it is hard to emotionally comprehend. Comparison is a common way of better understanding and exploring unknown topics. One further step is to bring the topic to a personal level, so one can actually relate known concepts and individual ideas to any new aspects. In other words, an individual in today’s society will receive a deeper and more thorough understanding of the Holocaust if able to compare with an individual living during the Holocaust. One individual who has made it possible to learn more about the Holocaust on a personal level is Anne Frank. This young Jewish girl preserved everyday events during the Holocaust in a diary she kept. For two years Anne was hiding from Nazis, and while imprisoned she used her diary for an escape mentally and emotionally. A quote from Eleanor Roosevelt describes her diary the best. "This is a remarkable book. Written by a young girl-and the young are not afraid of telling truth-it is one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read." 1 This diary in every sense of the word is a "gift" given by Anne Frank, to all those who pursue learning of the Holocaust and to those who still await peace and satisfaction within their own hearts. Anne and her family moved from Germany to Holland even before World War II began. Anne’s father felt it was just as well to turn one’s back on Hitler’s Germany and be secure and protected by their adopted homeland, Holland. 2 Anne was only four when she was introduced to her new home. During the period ... ...k, 23. 7. Frank, 120. 8. Frank, 126. 9. Frank, 211. 10. Frank, 285. 11. Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." 12. Frank, 211. 13. Miller, Internet. 14. Miller, Internet. 15. Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Bibliography - Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." - Gies, Miep, and Alison Leslie Gold. Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the Frank Family. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987. - Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. - Frank, Anne. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. Translated by B. M. Mooyaart- Doubleday. New York: Random House, Inc., 1952. - Miller, M. F., "Anne Frank Online," http://www.annefrank.com/ The Anne Frank Story

Institutional Affiliation

Terrorism within our borders was not something that people thought of daily if ever. Radio advertisements that instructed us on how to talk to our children about terrorist attacks, as though it were similar to a tornado warning, is not something that I anticipated in my lifetime. The atrocity that occurred on 9/11 is not something that is supposed to happen here, but it did. We are challenged by the infiltration of immigrants to our country, whether legal or illegal. Our citizens are fearful of the future attacks that are threatened and at times the very presence of the Arab population within our communities.International terrorism threatens the United States, its allies, and the world community. Defeating the terrorist enemy requires sound policies, united government effort, and international cooperation. In light of that, it is difficult to remember as you board an airplane with six Arab passengers, that we live in the â€Å"melting pot. † America was founded on freedoms, fr eedom of speech and freedom of religion, to name a few. How do we, as a country, monitor and measure our safety, while ensuring the freedoms that are afforded our citizens? How do we deal with the threat of terrorism within our own borders?Can we provide safety by simply following the laws of our country? As a senior counter-terrorism official, it is my responsibility to ensure the safety of our communities. Local law enforcement plays a critical role in enhancing the safety in communities. Communication links between local law enforcement and state and federal government will further the effectiveness of this program. It will be my responsibility to encourage local law enforcement in their fight against terrorism. We do not have the right to intrude on the religious activities of Arabs or anyone else within our communities without just cause.Defining terrorism in a country based on freedoms is a difficult task. Our country’s downfall is we have still not attempted to deal wi th or identify the causes of terrorism. We must identify the cause and the potential activities which threaten our society. The problem of terrorism–the problem of a relatively small number of violent lawbreakers who have set out to undermine our democratic way of life and seek either to blackmail the government through violence or the threat of violence to comply with their demands, or to overthrow the government entirely. We should all think about what kind of country we want to live in.To be truly patriotic means recognizing our responsibilities to uphold the democratic principles which make this the freest nation on Earth. It is important to remember that the opening words of the Constitution are `We the People' not `I the People. ‘ Being a citizen in a democracy means that you can't organize your own private army because you disagree with the actions of the democratically elected government. We need to focus on restorative justice. Restorative justice is grounded i n the focus on the harm created, not simply on the breach of law. This means that the first priority isunderstanding and responding to the needs of victims and the healing of victims. The direct victims are the primary focus, but everyone else who has been touched by the crime is also involved, including the community as a whole. To address the harm to victims, restorative justice believes that we must affirm moral responsibility and the need for accountability on the part of those who have done the harm. Restorative justice sees the past in the context of the present and the future, looking at: * what accountability is needed to address the harm to the victims; * what accountability would provide the offender the opportunity to dorestitution or reparation or whatever needs to be done to address the harm created; and * what accountability is needed for the restoration of community, including the restoration of the victim and the offender into community. Such accountability assumes t he need for safety. This involves the whole community taking responsibility for the victims as well as the offender, including seeing everyone in a human context that is broader than just the moment of the crime. Finally, restorative justice is about the engagement of all parties, including the larger community, in working towards healingthe harm and the creation of community, a community that includes both the victims and the offenders. Within our communities, it is critical that we appropriately monitor the business of individuals who have been associated or are believed to be associated with known terrorists. There are already procedures in place to monitor the actions of these individuals. It would not be appropriate to infiltrate communities on the basis of race, unless there are specific ties to known terrorists. Ethically, homeland security is responsible for the safety of all individuals within ourborders and cannot pick and choose based on race. Known terrorists, whether Am erican born or a foreign national, once captured should all receive the same treatment and rights. Recent actions of military in Iraq and elsewhere, if interpreted by the Iraqi people, may give rise to the belief that Americans are in fact the terrorists. The torture of Iraqi captives and the outright murder of innocent Iraqi civilians could lead one to believe that we are no better than Al Queda. We do not have the right to torture terrorists in order to gain information. Effective counterterrorism should take the form of prevention.We need to neutralize the terrorist organization by weakening it or making potential targets more difficult to attack. After the attacks of 9/11, an important distinction was drawn between the U. S. argument that an attack on Afghan soil was legitimate because of the Taliban's close and supportive relationship with al Qaeda and the more extended claim, that one nation could launch an attack within another nation's sovereign territory, even if there was no state support for terrorists acting within the borders.If evidence is present that a particular state has intentionally supported global terrorism and continues to do so, the case can be made for armed force to avoid future terrorist attacks within the framework of the just war tradition. A state linked to support of terrorism against another nation is engaged in a war of aggression. Any country that is the object of terrorist attacks has a right to defend itself. In effect, the case against the Taliban was not intervention for regime change but a war of self-defense against a government that was directly complicit in terrorist attacks. (Himes, 2004) The attack on Iraq does not meet the criteria of Just War.President Bush and his advisors presented a case for armed intervention in order to stop the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Concern that enemies might use such weapons has fueled the new debate. The United States declared its willingness to initiate attacks upon adversaries it considers to be threatening. Anti-Americanism is alive and well in all parts of the world. Within our own borders, Anti-Americanism is not as widespread as is the disillusionment with our own government. It is not the foundations of America that are at issue, but the interpretation and thus application of our ability to affect the rest of the world.

Free Essays on The Business World

The business world is an ever-growing technology world. Today we have fax machines, laptops, cell phones etc†¦ and the business world is using all these advances to their advantages. Mr. Peretz made that clear in his presentation. I can’t say I learn much from him because most of what he said I already new. The only thing I can say that was interesting is the security card. This card helped because as we spoke in class one time about the measures that taken to prevent misuse of information systems. The other thing that Mr.Peretz helped in is about the world of investing. As I mentioned in my goals I most invest, If I could get in contact with him again, I will surely like his help in investing so he could make me a little below two billion dollars. He knows what he is doing and proud of what he does. I would love to be in his position when I am in the working business world. Overall, Mr.Peretz help me appreciate the value of an Alfred University degree. I know that when I graduate from this school that I will be prepared for the business world. Hopefully, I will be making a lot of money as well. I really enjoyed this experience and hope we have more alumni presentations in the class. It’s good to know what our text is stating is not false.... Free Essays on The Business World Free Essays on The Business World The business world is an ever-growing technology world. Today we have fax machines, laptops, cell phones etc†¦ and the business world is using all these advances to their advantages. Mr. Peretz made that clear in his presentation. I can’t say I learn much from him because most of what he said I already new. The only thing I can say that was interesting is the security card. This card helped because as we spoke in class one time about the measures that taken to prevent misuse of information systems. The other thing that Mr.Peretz helped in is about the world of investing. As I mentioned in my goals I most invest, If I could get in contact with him again, I will surely like his help in investing so he could make me a little below two billion dollars. He knows what he is doing and proud of what he does. I would love to be in his position when I am in the working business world. Overall, Mr.Peretz help me appreciate the value of an Alfred University degree. I know that when I graduate from this school that I will be prepared for the business world. Hopefully, I will be making a lot of money as well. I really enjoyed this experience and hope we have more alumni presentations in the class. It’s good to know what our text is stating is not false....

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Example

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Example Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay The STM with its unmatched combination of high vertical and lateral resolution in a promising new tool that can be operated under ambient conditions, yielding three-dimensional detailed images, (H. Strecker and G. Persch, 1990, p441-445). The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) is a solid-state microscope based on the principle of quantum mechanical tunnelling of electrons between a sharp tip and a conducting sample. Surfaces can be studied by allowing the individual atoms to be imaged in real space. By scanning the tip across a sample surface it is possible to image directly the three dimensional structure of a surface down to atomic scale resolutions. Prior to the invention of STM, the only way that surface structures could be deduced was by more indirect methods such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED) or medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS). Technique The tip used in STM is very sharp and ideally terminates into a single atom. The tip is mounted onto a system of piezo electric drives, which provide movement in three dimensions. (http://nanowiz.tripod.com/stmbasic/stmbasic.htm, 14/10/03). The movement is controllable with sub-atomic scale accuracy and can be brought within a few Amstroms of the conducting sample surface. The metallic tip and the conducting substrate are in very close proximity but are not in actual physical contact, ( chem.qmw.ac.uk/surfaces/scc/, 7/10/03). At separations as small as this, the outer electron orbitals of the tip and sample overlap. On the application of a bias voltage between the tip and the surface, electrons are able to tunnel through the vacuum barrier via the quantum mechanical tunnelling effect. The direction of current flow is determined by the polarity of the bias. If the sample is biased negative with respect to the tip, then electrons will flow from the surface to the tip as shown above, whilst if the sample is biased positive with respect to the tip, then electrons will flow from the tip to the surface as shown below. (chem.qmw.ac.uk/surfaces/scc/, 7/10/03). The exponential (in vacuum) decay of the electron wavefunctions means that the tunnelling current is extremely sensitive to the tip-sample separation. This provides a very fine resolution of the surface. Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling The infinite potential walled particle in a box theory does not allow any of the wave function to escape the box as it would have to have more than infinity energy to cross the barrier. Allowing the potential energy well to be a finite number has the effect of making it possible for the wave function of a particle that is trapped in this potential well, to partially escape and thus have a presence outside the confines of the box. The wave function can transverse the potential barrier, although it will decay exponentially through the barrier. Assuming that the wave function does not totally decay away before the end of the barrier, the particle can have a physical presence on the other side of the potential barrier. If the potential barrier is long range, then the wave function will decay away exponentially and tend towards zero. Upon reaching the end of the potential barrier, the particle will have an infinite small wave function and zero presence on the other side of the barrier. This property is known as quantum mechanical tunnelling. (chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm729/STMpage/stmdet.htm,10/10/03). The quantum mechanical phenomenon creates the high degree of sensitivity necessary for atomic scale imaging of surfaces. The quantum mechanical tunnelling current is highly dependent on the tip-surface distance. The distance between tip and surface is usually of the order of 0.3 nm and the tunnelling voltage V ranges from a few mV up to a few V, depending on the conductivity of the surface. The tunnelling current typically varies between 10 pA and 1 nA, (fys.kuleuven.ac.be/vsm /spm/introduction.html12/10/03). The tunnel current decreases to 1/10 of its initial value for every 0.1 nm increase in gap separation, (Kaiser, W. J. Stroscio, J. A., 1993, p78) The essential aspect of STM is the extreme sensitivity of the tunnelling current to the tip sample separation. It is therefore important to realise that the tunnelling current is a quantum phenomenon. In classical physics the current could not flow across a gap. Modes of Operation Constant height mode In this mode the vertical position of the tip is not changed, equivalent to a slow or disabled feedback. The tunnelling current varies depending on topography and the local surface electronic properties of the sample. The current as a function of lateral position represents the surface image. This mode is only appropriate for atomically flat surfaces. If the surface were not flat, the STM tip would crash. An advantage of constant height mode is that it can be used at high scanning frequencies (up to 10 kHz). (http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2002/sm242/stmdesign.htm, 12/10/03). Constant current mode In the constant-current mode, the current is used as the input to a feedback circuit that moves the scanner together with the tip up and down in the height direction. With an applied potential, the tip is brought close to the sample surface until the tunnelling current set point is detected, at which point the constant-current feedback loop is locked. When the tip moves laterally to a new position, any subtle sample-tip distance variation will lead to the fluctuation of the tunnelling current. Consequently, the feedback circuit will move the tip up and down until the current keeps the set-point value. As a result, the moving tip keeps the constant sample-tip distance, tracing the surface topography. The main advantage of constant current mode is that the tip will not crash into a large cluster of atoms at the surface. Constant current mode can measure irregular surfaces with high precision, but the measurement takes more time, (http://std2.fic.uni.lodz. pl/stm.html, 13/10/03). (http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2002/sm242/stmdesign.htm, 12/10/03). Tip etching The construction of the tip is one of the most crucial aspects of STM. The tip must be approximately one atom thick in order for the STM to be carried out effectively. Surface pictures can appear to be distorted due to the presence of more than one sharp protrusion, (Ouseph, P. J. Gossman, M., 1998, 701-704). Some important characteristics of a tip are * Sharp tips which allow high resolution STM observations * Small resonance area * Thick taper to reduce tip oscillation during STM scans (mme.wsu.edu/~reu/poster2000/Ronald2000/ronald/ppframe.htm, 14/10/03) Multiple tips can be formed when suspended particles are picked up from the etching solution, (NaOH, KCN). Multiple tips often lead to the occurrence of shadow effects and ghost images, (physik.tu-berlin.de/institute/IFFP/daehne/ index.htm?/institute/ IFFP/daehne /forsch/rs-tips.htm, 20/10/03). Conditions The STM can operate in many different kinds of environments. A simple STM can be run in ambient air. However, in order to achieve effective results in Surface Science the STM is run in ultra-high vacuum. Vibration Isolation As the tip is oscillating across a very small area, it is important to isolate vibration. Vibration is kept to a minimum by several methods. Placing the STM on a spring/damping table is one way to cut out vibrations travelling through the floor. The first typical isolation system is the coiled spring suspension with magnetic damping and the second is a stack of metal plates with viton dampers between each pair of steel plates, (Kaiser, W. J., 1993, pp58). The basement level of a building is preferred because there are lower level of vibrations. To stop wave propagating through the air, a foam cover can be placed over the instrument, (mme.wsu.edu/~reu/Matt/Matt.htm, (19/10/03).

Case study on Bank Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study on Bank Management - Essay Example 2. Profit margin: It is the ratio of net income to the operating revenue, and this ratio represents the financial efficiency of the bank. The corresponding value for First National Bank is 8.51% as compared to 6% for its peers. In other words, the First national Bank makes more profit per unit of operating revenue, thereby making this bank more efficient that its peers. Hence, the overall profitability of the bank can drastically improved by and wealth can be unlocked by increasing the loan ratio and hence valuing the bank based on present financial performance may lead to undervaluing the bank. To calculate the valuation of the First National Bank using the discounted free cash flow or the present value of future earning process, the extra piece of information required will be the rate of growth of dividend. However, the valuation of the bank can also be calculated by the price/earnings ratio. Since, as has been discussed above, the present earnings are sub optimal the bank should not be valued by multiplying the earning by the PE ratio.

The European Banking Union Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The European Banking Union Project - Term Paper Example On one hand it allowed these bubbles to grow dangerously while on the other hand it was extremely cautious in its quantitative easing policy (The European Central Bank: The Main Cause of the Debt Crisis). The European Union Banking Project: The Proposal The European Union leaders have come forward to propose a remedy for the current financial crisis. The European Council of 28th and 29th June, 2012 has agreed to deepen the economic and monetary integration. The leaders have discussed a  report titled 'Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union', prepared by the President of the European Council in close collaboration with the President of the European Commission, the Chair of the Euro group and the President of the European Central Bank. The Commission has proposed to design a single banking supervision mechanism in the Euro area. In 2008 when the financial crisis spread to Europe, there were 27 different banking regulatory systems based on the separate national rules. The propo sal is not aimed at changing the rule making for the single market (with its ‘four freedoms’ namely, freedom of movement of goods, services, and the factors of production i.e. labour and capital) existing amongst the 27 countries, but the way in which the banks in the Euro area would be supervised. Although coordination pre-existed by way of the framing of the monetary policies for all these banks by the ECB, it was rather informal and was not sufficient to face the financial sector crisis of this nature. A full-fledged banking union has become necessary that would lead to pooled monetary responsibilities and better financial integration (Towards a Banking... This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the pros and cons of the creation of European Banking Union, as a form of central supervisory system. It is argued in the paper that benefits of forming such an union outweight its limitations. During the period of 2000 to 2007 there was a significant global rise in savings which was available for investment in the EU. It created an easy credit facility as well as helped the formation of a powerful real-estate bubble. When these bubbles burst, the property price fell hugely while the liabilities owed to global investors remained at their full price. The high-risk lending and borrowing practices had started taking its toll. The European Council in June, 2012 has agreed to deepen the economic and monetary integration. The leaders have discussed a report titled 'Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union, prepared by the President of the European Council in close collaboration with the President of the European Commission, the Chair of the Euro group and the President of the European Central Bank. The Commission has proposed to design a single banking supervision mechanism in the Euro area. In response to the proposal of establishing a banking union, several countries have showed their concern or fear. Such a method of unifying the monetary responsibilities of all the banks in the European Union is going to have a far-reaching effect on the growth of the economies. Germany, for example, is not willing to cede control of its entire banking sector.