Ethical Issues Of A Business - 1415 Words

To: Betty Benjamin From: Amika Boswell Subject: Explaining the ethical issues that a business needs to take into consideration in their operational activities. Date: Ethical issues surrounding the operation of Cadburys Introduction Throughout this report I will be explaining the ethical issues that Cadburys needs to consider in their day to day activities. Also I will be focusing on the aims and objectives of the Cadburys. According to business case study the definition for business ethics is â€Å"the moral principles that guide the way a business behave. Acting in an ethical way involves distinguishing between â€Å"wrong† then making the â€Å"right† choice.† http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/anglo-american/business-ethics-and-corporate-social-responsibility/what-are-business-ethics.html#axzz3n2ARee00 Cadbury is a British confectionary company which is the largest and oldest family run business in the world. Cadbury merged with Schweppes in 1969 and it now the third world leading producer of soft drinks and second largest confectionery brand in the world. Cadbury operates in more than fifty countries worldwide. Cadbury’s mission statement Cadbury is based on delivering good quality as they have promise to their customers to provide good quality in their products. Cadbury is committed to ensure to constantly improve on their quality to guarantee that they have provide what has been promised by the company. Corporate objectives that will help Cadburys meet their aims CadburyShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues Of Business2360 Words   |  10 Pagesthis essay, I will discuss three sections of business among many which hold ethical issues. Those sections are advertising, product liability, and leadership ethics. Within the three sections, I will identify and briefly discuss three specific ethical issues. 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Business ethics offers a tool for conducting business more effectivelyRead MoreCurrent Ethical Issue in Business1476 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent Ethical Issue in Business Your Name Here PHL/323 Date Here Instructor’s Name Here Globally, Wal-Mart is the second largest revenue generating company. It is surprising to see so many discriminating issues within the company. Women working for the company are consistently treated unfairly, yet other issues exist. It is as if Wal-Mart has fallen into the negative economic routine. The company is guilty of everyday social discrimination;Read MoreEthical Issues Of The Business Industry Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pages To what extent is it possible to be fully ethical in business without any controversy and or discrimination? What are the main issues that we as employees must address and confront? What are the main ethical pressures facing in the business industry and how might these be addressed and overcome in the world of business? We may never know because Ethics questions morality, whether something is ethical or unethical, right or wrong, good or evil, aim for justice, etc. Each person may have their own

Comparing Christianity and Islam Essay - 1573 Words

Comparing Christianity and Islam Christianity and Islam are two of the fastest growing religions, and they both have a lot in common. In this essay I will explain their differences and similarities, their messages, how they treat their believers and other religions, their historical relationship, and other topics along these lines. I will start this essay by explaining Christianity, and many things about it. The word â€Å"Christianity† itself, means â€Å"Believer in Christ.† If you are a believer in this religion, you are called a â€Å"Christian†. There are many different denominations of this religion, and the things they share are the belief that the Bible is the Word of God, and that Jesus Christ was the savior sent by God through†¦show more content†¦Usually, Christians go to a church, usually one that corresponds with what they personally believe, or one their family is associated with. Church is where they worship God, and learn and associate with other believers. Many go to church on Sunday, but usually there are other gatherings throughout the week, based on the church and the denominations beliefs on how much church a follower should get. Christians usually separate church and state, because they are supposed to. The church is considered â€Å"holy† and the state is considered â€Å"secular.† Most Christians celebrate Christmas as the birth of Christ, and Easter as the resurrection of Jesus, and they also celebrate other holidays. In most denominations, women are considered equal as men, knowing that God created all men equal. The rules on marriage are different according to the denomination. Some believe you should only marry someone from your own church, and some are okay with just marrying the person you love, whether or not he or she is in the church. Christians are also usually not racist, because, again, they believe God created all men equal. 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Islam and Christianity are in agreement that the origin of both living things and man were created by GodRead MoreComparing Christianity and Islam769 Words   |  3 Pagesindividual, God and their neighbours. Christianity and Islam are both religious traditions that have their sacred texts, the Bible and the Quran and Hadith respectively, as the foundation stones to guiding its adherents to a life of inner-peace. This is achieved through following the principal teachings and taking part in the significant practices whilst following a comprehensive ethical structure as stated in their sacred texts. Both Christianity and Islam strive to emphasise the achievement ofRead More Comparing Islam and Christianity Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Islam and Christianity Although they share several basic theological ideas, Christianity and Islam differ on countless key characteristics. The most prominent differences include atonement, the identity of God, heaven, view of Jesus, and the perception of the Christian Bible. It is these not-so-subtle contrasts of thoughts that separate the two most prevalent religions in the world. One of the most important differences in Christianity and Islam is the concept of atonement. In ChristianityRead MoreComparing And Contrasting Christianity And Islam872 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting Christianity and Islam Religion is a guide to live a life that offers a fixed set of morals, as well as something to hold onto in times of misfortune and remarkable miracles. It is something that one will always grasp for, obey, and learn from as they carry on with their everyday lives. Christianity, which stands as the most practiced religion in the world, and Islam, which stands second, both portray how something that starts off so small can grow to enormousRead MoreComparing Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Christianity most widely distributed of the world religions, having substantial representation in all the populated continents of the globe. Its total membership may exceed 1.7 billion people. Islam, a major world religion, founded in Arabia and based on the teachings of Muhammad, who is called the Prophet. One who practices Islam is a Muslim. Muslims follow the Koran, the written revelation brought by Muhammad. The Muslim world population is estimatedRead MoreComparing Womens Roles in Christianity and Islam Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Womens Roles in Christianity and Islam Christianity Concept of God: ChristiansRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Views of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism 1178 Words   |  5 Pagescomes to theism and the wold iew, one of the main questions that is asked by all is, â€Å"if there is a God or a devine spirit and if so what he or she like?† Out of the three main religions of the world Christianity, Islam, and Judaism all have different views on who God really is or isnt. So when comparing each of the worlds three main religions, it is best to start with looking at how each of these religions are similar before we focus on how different that they are. What each of the 3 main religionsRead More Comparing Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesSimilarities and Differences between Christianity, Judaism and Islam There are many similarities and differences between Judaism, Christianity and Islam. There are also many differences that separate the three major religions of the world. This paper will delve into all three of them. The major similarities that all three religions share are that they are all monotheistic. This all means that they believe in one god and that he is the supreme ruler of all things. They also believe thatRead MoreComparing Christianity And Islam : Similarities And Differences2069 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and Contrast Christianity and Islam Nature of the Afterlife and Nature of the Divine Christianity and Islam: Similarities and Differences INTRODUCTION Islam and Christianity are the largest religion in the world and share many common beliefs. 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Solution Focused Therapy Free Essays

Social Work Department Faculty of Humanities University of Johannesburg Student Surname| Le Roux| Student Initials| C| Student First Name| Charlene| Student Number| 201170104| Assignment Title| Practice Model| Date of Submission| 15 March 2013| Course Title| B Social work| Lecturers Name| Prof. Adrian Van Breda| Course Code| SW2A11| Plagiarism Declaration| I, Charlene Le Roux 201170104, declare that this assignment is my own original work. Where secondary material has been used (either from a printed source or from the internet), this has been carefully acknowledged and referenced in accordance with departmental requirements. We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I understand what plagiarism is and aware of the department’s policy in this regard. | Name| Charlene Le Roux| Signature| | Index Page 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 55. 65. 767. 8. | Introduction History of Solution Focused TherapyUnderlying theoryKey principlesApplication to the PCPEngagementAssessmentPlanningImplementingEvaluationTerminationFollow-upCritical reflectionConclusionReference list| Page 334-55-66-116-77-88991010-11111213| 1. Introduction I have chosen to do the Solution focused therapy practice model (Hereafter referred to as SFT). I chose this model because I was interested in finding out more about how to use one’s own resources and strengths to empower oneself. My hardest issue with counseling is learning how to teach clients how to use their own resources instead of supplying it myself and also encouraging clients to come up with their own solutions and just giving them advice and my opinion. SFT discusses the different techniques one can use to ensure they are empowering their clients and not doing everything for them. 2. History The two founding theorists for SFT are Insoo Kim Berg and Steve De Shazer. Together they adapted existing theories to mold into a theory of their own. They strongly believed that true positive change lies within the client themselves and not in the relationship between the client and worker. Berg was the cofounder of a center in Milwaukee in 1978 whose intention was to launch the mental research institute and it used Brief Family therapy. This was an organization that made no profit and was used to serve the needs of people in surrounding areas and people and families that were poor or living in poverty (O’Connell, 2005). Four years later this became the home of SFT (Lee, 2011). De Shazer later worked in the center and was thoroughly trained in brief family therapy. According to Milton Erikson, brief therapy models were hugely influenced by the strengths perspective and social constructivism. The strengths perspective is about using one’s own strengths, assets and resources to come up for solutions that are best suited for them and their problem rather than simply providing everything for one’s client. It goes with the famous saying â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day, but teach him how to fish and he will eat for a lifetime†. Berg and De Shazer developed this model by listening to and using the feedback of their clients. They created this model by observing therapy sessions to observe the techniques and skills the therapist used, by listening to the feedback of their clients about what was or was not working for them and by observing the progress of their own clients (Lee, 2011). 3. Underlying theory of practice model Social constructivism strongly influences SFT (O ‘Connell, 2005). This perspective states that human beings create their own reality through different linguistic means. In other words, we create our own realities through conversations and by our own view of the truth so therefore each person has a different meaning that has been created which in turn means that there is no ‘objective truth’ that is true in any situation. This all implies that each person’s problems are constructed by the way in which they talk. As a result of each person having their own linguistic style, there is no fixed meaning attached to a problem or a solution. In order for a person to see their created reality from another perspective, the therapist or practitioners main goal is to change the language the client uses. Practitioners encourage clients to use solution talk as opposed to problem talk. One thing that stands out from the social constructivist perspective is that the clients perception and experiences have main priority. This theory also takes into account the context in which the client lives and emphasizes that people do not exist in social isolation but rather are products of the interactions that surround them. The relationship between the practitioner and the client is of utmost importance in this perspective because it is within this relationship that a new style of language can be created for the client to build new realities. The systems theory is another perspective that influences solution focused therapy. The systems theory expects a practitioner to look at all the systems surrounding an individual so that the best interventions can be used. To understand the systems theory fully there are some terms that are the most important (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2006). Every individual is viewed as the product of interactions between different micro systems in that individuals life and practitioners look at their clients as a person-in-environment where they are constantly interacting with the various systems around them. These systems function reciprocally and change in one system means there will be change in another. The systems approach is also dynamic. It is ever changing and evolving from one particular view to another yet maintains a relatively stable homeostasis. All systems are interrelated. The systems theory basically states that because no two client systems are alike, no two solutions will be alike either and therefore every problem needs a unique and suitable intervention (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2006). Lastly, the strengths perspective has had an influence on SFT. The main view of the strengths perspective is that every individual, family or community has already got strengths, resources and assets that should be used in intervention strategies and it is the responsibility of the practitioner to uncover these different strengths. The strength perspective doesn’t see hard times such as traumatic experiences, struggles and sicknesses as demotivating experiences but rather as opportunities and challenges that can be overcome and in the end be used to the benefit of the client even if it is just a lesson that was learned. A worker should never limit their clients capacities and capabilities but rather believe in their goals and dreams and help them achieve it in any way that they can and another important aspect to remember here is that their goals and dreams can only be achieved if the client and worker work together to achieve these. One last thing that is important for people to know about the strengths perspective is that it believes that every environment also has strengths and that the client should always look for help in their own environments rather than other environments. 4. Key principles As seen above and as previously mentioned, SFT was founded by bringing many different theories together. In this section the main principles of SFT will be discussed. First and foremost, it is set on the notion that if something is not broken there is no need to fix it (O ‘Connell, 2005). In other words, workers should not look for problems where there are none. If a situation is working for a client the worker shouldn’t try fix it even if it is different to the way the worker thinks it should be working. This is a theory that believes in the strengths of clients and the fact that people are resilient and can bounce back from traumatic experiences with the right support and resources. It draws on the importance of people to emerge as stronger people after the traumas by relying on their own resources and coping methods that they themselves have learned (Van Breda, 2011). If the client’s way of solving a problem is working then the worker should encourage the client to do it more often and if a resolution is not working then there is no point in continuing to try it so the worker should encourage the client to stop that way and try to find another way of dealing with the problem. It should be kept as simple as possible so as not to confuse the client but rather to encourage them to find new and improved solutions to dealing with individual problems. This process of therapy should not be drawn out longer than necessary and should be to the point with as little intervention from the therapist as possible. This theory believes that one change ultimately brings about another change until all the required change has been achieved. Therefore, this theory does not seek to make big changes but rather a chain of smaller changes. Another reason why smaller changes are encourages is because it helps the client feel less intimidated as they would feel by implementing one big change at one time. As always with positive change, a worker needs to recognize it and praise the client for the change they themselves have implemented. Since language is such an important aspect in this theory, the worker should never assume that there is only one possible solution to a problem but the worker should be open-minded and should try using many different paths to try and find a suitable solution. Since this theory focuses on solutions rather than problems, the worker should not spend time analyzing the problems but should jump into finding solutions that will work for that specific client and their circumstances (Malherbe Greef, 2005). . Application to the PCP The planned change process is a set of stages that a social worker can follow and the stages overlap and flows into one another (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2006). 5. 1Engagement â€Å"Engagement is when a social worker begins to establish communication and a relationship with other but also addressing the problem† (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2009, p. 34). Engagement starts from the very first interaction a worker has with a client. The main goal of engagement is to build rapport by using different skills such as acceptance and warmth. It is very important that the worker does not judge their client at any stage and shows acceptance as acceptance is a necessary tool for change. Part of engagement in SFT is for the worker to help the change process along from the very beginning. Change needs to be spoken about and visualized. In the engagement stage it is important for rules and expectations to be set and this can be done by a means of contracting. Contracting is when the client and the worker discuss the roles, norms and expectations for sessions and this is where the boundaries are set for the client-worker relationship (Kirst-Ashman hull, 2006) Contracting also helps establish roles between the client and the worker which is important in the formal relationship so that boundaries can be set in place. Firstly, the worker needs to enquire about the â€Å"pre-session change†. Pre-session change is that happened in the clients life that pushed them to make the appointment in the first place. The worker can do this by asking questions like â€Å"Tell me more about why you are here today† or â€Å"What made you seek help? †. Giving compliments to the client eases their anxiety and affirms the belief that positive regard increases the chance of change for people (Rasheed, Rasheed Marley, 2011). 5. 2 Assessment â€Å"Assessment is differential, individualized and accurate identification and evaluation of problems, people and situations and of their interrelations to serve as a sound basis for differential helping interventions† (Siporin as cited in Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2009, p. 34). Assessment is usually when the worker assesses what the problems are that the client is facing but because SFT focuses on solutions the worker needs to change problem talk into solution talk and already start thinking about possible solutions to the problem. A worker using SFT needs to pay attention to detail and listen to the clients carefully during the assessment stage. Once the worker has heard the clients issues they need to respond empathically as this helps create empowerment for the client as well as lets the client know that the worker is paying attention and understanding the clients’ point of view. There are many different types of questions that should be used in the assessment stage of SFT. The miracle question is the first. The answer to this type of question is usually on the path of the fitted solution. This type of question helps the client vision their preferred future. These questions are asked to find out about the clients story, strengths and resources and their own expectations for the solution. This type of question would be something like â€Å"Imagine you were sleeping tonight and a miracle happens that solves the problem you came to speak to me about. When you wake up in the morning, what would be the change that would make you realize something must have happened to solve your problem? † a client could possibly reply with answers similar to this, â€Å"my children weren’t moody and crying, my husband and I were smiling and organized. We left on time for work and when we came home we had food on our plates and the children were playing. † Another type of question is an exception question. This type of question helps the worker to get an idea of the good times in a client’s life. It helps the client remember that there were times when they knew what to do nd how to do it in order for them to function normally. Helping a client remember times when they were managing better gives them hope that they can do it again. A worker would ask this question â€Å"can you think of a time in the past month, year or ever that you did not have this problem? What were you doing differently during those times that helped prevent the problem then? † (De Shazer as cited in Lee, 2011). Coping questions are also important questions when assessing and planning for implementation. This question is useful for clients who feel completely helpless because it can give ideas to solutions that could help serve their problems. This type of question helps the worker get to know more about the clients coping strategies. A coping question would be something along the lines of â€Å"wow, how have you managed to carry on during all of these hard times? † Lastly, scaling questions can be used. These questions can be used during the evaluation stage as well. This question helps the client track their own progress which helps them identify where they are at (Lee, 2011). This is a question that asks the clients to choose a number between 1 and 10 to determine their progress. A worker would ask a question like â€Å"from a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the best, how are you feeling now compared to when we started? † (Nichols Schwartz, 2008). 5. 3 Planning â€Å"Planning specifies what should be done† (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2009, p. 370. Planning in this theory goes hand in hand with assessment because in assessment the worker will not spend too much time focused on the problem but rather on already finding possible solutions. It is also important to remember that changes should be planned as small rather than one big change. 5. 4 Implementation Implementation is the actual doing of the plan. The Client and worker follow their plan to achieve their goals. Progress during implementation must be constantly monitored and assessed. Sometimes, new issues, situations and conditions require the plan to be changed† (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2009, p. 40). The most important aspect to the implementation is the changes need to small so as to not overwhelm the client with major changes. When a small change is achieved, it leaves the client feeling empowered and motivated to start change in another dimension of their lives. It gives the client courage to try for new and bigger changes (Lee, 2011). The above mentioned questions can also be asked to stimulate change (Macdonald, 2011), therefore intervention starts during the assessment stage. Intervention by the worker should be limited ensuring that the changes will be as a result of the clients new ways of doing things while at the same time making sure the client gets a sense of independence rather than relying on the worker to do all the work. 5. 5 Evaluation â€Å"Each goal is evaluated in terms of the extent to which it has been achieved. The decision must be made about whether the case must be terminated or reassessed to establish new goals† (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2009, p. 41). Evaluation in SFT basically combines all the above mentioned techniques. The worker uses the questions to find out how much change and progress has been made. Once the worker realizes what those changes are he or she points these out and celebrates together with the client for making these changes (Macdonald, 2011). The miracle question is used to monitor the progress and to keep the client in a positive frame of mind in order for them to continue progressing to their full potential. It is important for the worker and client to reflect to evaluate what has been improved and how. Evaluation in SFT does not necessarily only occur after implementation. The worker also evaluates the client at the beginning of every session to see what changes have been made and how the client is progressing. 5. 6 Termination â€Å"The worker/client relationship must eventually come to an end. Termination in Generalist Practice involves specific skills and techniques† (Kirst-Ashman Hull, 2009, p. 41). Termination begins from the very beginning in order to prepare clients for the ending of sessions. SFT is meant to be brief and not carry on for long periods of time. The worker needs to keep reminding the client that the therapy will not be long and the client should have the goals of finding new solutions quicker than in other types of therapy. In the last session, the client is asked to describe in detail what changes they experienced so the change can be maintained and the worker should point out what worked and what did not work in the clients’ progress. One way of knowing when a client is ready for termination is by asking them a scaling question (Macdonald, 2011). This is when a client answer from a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the best level of functioning. If a client’s answer is 7 or higher then the client is ready to terminate. These types of questions can be â€Å"What would you rate your level of functioning as on a scale from 1 to 10, 10 being the best? † or â€Å"Consider that when we started you were on a level 3 scale of functioning, what would you rate your level as now between 1 and 10? †. It is important to remember that terminating with an open door policy is of benefit to this client. This means that even though the sessions are over, you let the client know they are always welcome back should they encounter any other problems but the worker can also encourage the client to come visit in a few months to let the worker know how everything is going. this makes the client feel important and valuable and is a positive way to terminate. 5. 7 Follow-up Although not a stage of the planned change process I do think it is important for a social worker to follow up with their clients to ensure that everything is still going alright. Following-up with a client also empowers them in a way because it makes them feel like they are still cared for and worried about and not like they were just forgotten by the social worker. Following up can be done in many different ways. A worker can request that the client comes back for one last session just to follow-up and ensure that everything is okay. It can also be done telephonically or via e-mail. If a client does not respond to the email or does not come in for the session it is the responsibility of the worker to find out what the reason is just to make sure the client is still on track. . Critical reflection There are some concerns surrounding SFT. One of the concerns is that it is so focused on solutions that it does not focus on curing the root cause of the problems. A therapist using this model could say that the deep rooted cause was in fact also just a form of the clients’ distortion of reality. This therapy also relies too much on the client. In some cases people may not understand that what they want is not what they need and clients sometimes need a counselor to give them a new view point to look at their situation from. For example a married couple may sometimes not know what it is they need and a worker can step in to give some ideas for solutions they can try instead of relying on the client to recognize what it is they really need. I would use this practice model if I could change a few things. I would focus more on the way a client is feeling about their problems because sometimes all somebody needs is someone to listen to their problems and not just think of solutions. Sometimes it is important to try and understand a client in a bit more of an informal way rather than strictly professional. It is important though to remember boundaries and that a client may never be friend with a worker as there may then be conflict of interest. Although there are holes in this model, there are also things I really like about SFT. It is good to focus on the positive things rather than continuously analyzing the negative to get to a solution. Focusing on a solution puts the client in the future and motivates them to get to that level of functioning. It is a model that can help clients succeed a lot quicker than other models. I also like the fact that SFT has specific types of questions that are direct because other models can sometimes take a long time just to assess the problem leaving the client feeling like there has been no progress over a period of time because the worker has just been assessing. With SFT the client will start to see changes quite soon and will feel empowered just by the questions that they will be asked. 7. Conclusion I like the idea of SFT because it focuses on strengths and it has always fascinated me to know how a client can use their own strengths. After researching this practice model I understand a lot more about how I can recognize what a client’s strengths are and how they can be used for solutions. It is a therapy that is direct and results can be seen soon after the first session. This therapy promotes the empowerment of people and is easy to follow in order to empower one’s own clients. It is a widely used therapy and has a high success rate. I am glad I have learned about this model because I can now apply it to my practice this year. Instead of focusing on my clients weaknesses (low self-esteem) we can focus on building confidence and not on what has caused the low self-esteem. This is great because often speaking about the causes can be re-traumatizing to the client when all they want to do is more forward instead of focus on the past. 8. Reference List Kirst-Ashman, K. K. , Hull, G. H. (2009). Understanding Generalist Practice (5thed. ). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Lee, M. Y. (2011). Solution-focused theory. In F. J. turner (Ed. ), Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches (5th ed. pp. 460-476). New York: Oxford University Press. Macdonald, A. (2011). Solution focused therapy. In R. Nelson-Jones (Ed. ), Theory and practice of counselling and therapy (5th ed. , pp. 371-391). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Nichols, M. P. , Schwartz, R. C. (2008). Family therapy: concepts and methods (8th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson. O’Connell. B. (2005). Solution focused therapy (2nd ed. ). London : Sage Publications ltd. Rasheed, J. M. , Rasheed, M. N. , Marley, J. A. (2011). Family therapy: models and techniques. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. How to cite Solution Focused Therapy, Essay examples

Evaluations

Evaluations- Ruff Ryders And Cash Money Millionaire Concert Essay Word Count: 563Grade B+Evaluation EssayRuff Ryders and Cash Money Millionaires This concert was held on Thursday March 2, 2000. Some ofthe hottest rap and rb artists included in this mix were DMX,Juvenile, Ruff Ryders, Drag On, Hot Boyz, Eve, The Lox, LilWayne, Big Tymers, and B.G. It was hosted at the MarineMidland Arena in Downtown Buffalo. Tickets ran anywhere from$40. 00 to $55.00 for the five hour long show. The wait to get in was some what frightening due to acheck point like station everyone had to be searched at. Police and security guards patted each and everyone down fordrugs, weapons, and what ever else they could try and stop. After the long wait to get in you found your seat and waitedfor the group who was first. You would figure that know onewould be doing any drugs due to the search before you got inthere, but I was wrong not even ten minutes before the showyou could smell the pot in the air. That was one of the fewthings wrong with this wild and crazy concert. After it wasover that was all you smelled like and you were feeling thecontact buzz as it felt like things were moving in slowmotion. DMX opened the concert with one of his greatest songsIts All Good. All the ladies in the place were going wildwhen he yelled, where my ladies at! while he then tore off Mike Barrpage 2his shirt and threw it in the crowd. DMXs time on the stagewas incredible his voice was sounding good in concert unlikemost rappers voices. As the night passed on the music wasturned up a couple notches. All of the groups were soundinggood until it got to Eve. This young lady singer is nice tohere on the radio with her vocals tuned to perfection, but inconcert it was horrible and the crowd was going from crazy tojust about silent. Juvenile was the last rapper to finish the(what felt like short) concert. By the time he came up therethe music was so loud you couldnt here the guy sing. Youwould be singing along because you know the words and when thebass, of the beat of the song kicked in you couldnt hear himsinging. One of his top songs Back That Ass Up drove thecrowd nuts as some of ladies in the crowd became topless andstarted shaking there booties. But when you could here him hesounded excellent. By the time the whole thing was over youwere yelling we want more. Getting out of the place took five times as long as itwould getting out of a Sabers game. The reason being everyonewaited until it was over, I dont think there was one personwho left during it. This was another downfall of the concert,roads were packed as long as getting out of your parking spacedue to the lack of road space. You would figure they wouldmake a one way road so you can have two or four lanes insteadof one or two. Mike Barrpage 3The majority of the crowd at the concert were verypleased with the Ruff Ryder and Cash Money Millionaires Crew. Most of the people I talked to like it a lot and had very fewcomplaints. Most of them wanted to know when the two crewswill be in town again.

Corrosion of Steel Lab Report Sample

Corrosion of Steel Lab Report Paper The products of these reactions can be identified by using complex ion indicators that assume a certain color depending upon the type Of action present At electrode 1, it was observed that bubbles were being formed. The reaction occurring at this electrode is a catholic reaction and as such the bubbles can be deduced to be H2O gas from the reactants involved. 21-4*4- e- -? H2O(gas) No disconsolation of the indicator means that no corrosion was occurring at this electrode. Electrodes 2 through till 5 showed no visible reaction. From inspection of a Portrait diagram it can be seen that for a pH of 2, Fee is in the catholic immunity region where no oxidation occurs, which is why no reaction is observed. Electrode 6 was seen to turn a distinct blue color due to the presence f F-e+ ions, This is because the potential involved in this oxidation reaction is in the active region. Fee , Fee++ e- The potential at electrode 6 is not high enough to form a protective Crack layer, as the Cry does not have sufficient energy to oxides to Cry(all), therefore it corrodes. There was no visible reaction observed between electrodes through till 22 This is because the potentials involved in these reactions are in the passive region. The Cry in the electrodes creates a protective layer of Crack which slows down the corrosion of the electrodes to the extent that it is unnoticeable to the eked eye. A pink disconsolation was observed at electrodes 23 and 24, which indicates the presence of Fee+ ions. Fee -? Fee+ + e- This is because at a certain potential the Cry(all) turns into Cry(VI). We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion of Steel Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion of Steel Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Corrosion of Steel Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This in turn breaks down the protective barrier layer, and exposes Fee* ions on the electrode underneath Which make the pink color. We dont see this pink color at any other points because in order for the Fee in the electrodes to noise energy needs to be absorbed before the reaction may continue, and this is supplied by the higher potential of the more anodic electrodes of higher numbers. This region is now as the trans. Passive region. 2. Results Part 2: Away (Fee) = 55,egg/mol -0. ASK, p = 7. G/com From Graph: 0913. 333=papa/com Emmy: Pep IP Core 3. Discussion: apt is used as the counter electrode because it is inert, and because it has a high capability to catalyst the reaction of proton reduction. The working electrode is mounted in an epoxy resin so that it is easy to control the surface area exposed to corrosion. It is important to abrade the working electrode before starting the experiment to polish the surface and remove any contaminants that may alter the results of the expe riment.

Analysis of Newspaper Article Essays

Analysis of Newspaper Article Essays Analysis of Newspaper Article Essay Analysis of Newspaper Article Essay Exerting day-to-day is good to a person’s wellness. While many people exercise for this ground. they are seeking methods to better endurance and public presentation. In an effort to offer lastingness and better endurance. athleticss drink makers have started to add protein to their merchandises. Sports drinks improve public presentation during drawn-out exercising because of two cardinal ingredients. saccharides and Na ( Preidt. 2006 ) . The saccharides provide the fuel and the Na AIDSs in keeping unstable balance. While athleticss drinks may be helpful during exercising. added protein may or may non increase public presentation. Gatorade and Accelerade athleticss drink companies sponsored two surveies to find if this is true. One survey thinks that adding protein additions public presentation. the other does non. Type of statistical process used Sometimes persons are cognizant of the experiment and may non be honest about the consequences from the trial. In this trial. experimenters were seeking to avoid the placebo consequence. The placebo consequence is when people improve because they think that they are having utile intervention ( Bennett. Briggs. A ; Triola. 2003 ) . To govern out the possibility of the placebo consequence. the jocks were told that some of the drinks will incorporate protein ; they were non told which 1s. The placebo consequence would change the trial and the consequences would be biased because the jocks would claim public presentation betterment. believing that their drinks contained protein. When utilizing a placebo. the jocks must cognize that the drinks may or may non incorporate protein. But. they must besides cognize that they will non be able to state the difference in gustatory sensation. The placebo appears to be the same but lacks the active ingredient ; in this instance there was no protein nowadays in some of the drinks. The participants were non cognizant of which drinks had protein. therefore their replies would more likely be existent. The surveies The surveies used 10 trained bicyclers to find if adding protein to athleticss drinks would increase public presentation and endurance. In the surveies. the bicyclers did non cognize which athleticss drink they were devouring. In both surveies the bicyclers were given one of three drinks. They were either given a regular athleticss drink. one with protein added. or a placebo. This test was taken on three different occasions. Findingss The Canadian survey. sponsored by Gatorade. found that adding protein does non better exercising public presentation ( Preidt. 2006 ) . Martin Gibala was the lead research worker for this survey. Of the three athleticss drinks. the consequences showed that athleticss drinks overall did better public presentation when compared to the placebo. But. the survey besides showed that the athleticss drink with the protein was no more good than the regular 1 ( Preidt. 2006 ) . Gibala states our survey shows that protein confers no public presentation benefit during? real-life’ exercising when jocks consume sufficient sums of athleticss drinks. While the Gatorade survey does non believe that protein additions public presentation. Accelerade’s survey provinces otherwise. Accelerade’s athleticss drink contains saccharides. Na. and protein. The jocks in their survey lost about 2. 5 per centum of their organic structure weight through exercise-induced perspiration. Harmonizing to the research workers for this survey. Accelerade with protein rehydrated the jocks 15 per centum better than those imbibing Gatorade and 40 per centum better than those imbibing apparent H2O ( Preidt. 2006 ) . Appropriateness of findings Because the bicyclers in the surveies were trained and all received the same drinks. I think that the consequences are inconclusive. Gatorade’s consequences province that adding protein does non better public presentation while Accelerade’s consequences are non given. Accelerade’s study merely states that its athleticss drinks rehydrate better. but does non turn to the issue of public presentation. I think that more research should be done and untrained jocks should be used every bit good. Because more than merely trained jocks consume these drinks. a broader group should be trialed. While the survey merely addresses those trained bicyclers. its consequences may differ for other jocks. Decision When analyzing the affects of adding protein to athleticss drinks. one must look at all factors. Factors include age. weight. strenuosity. and merchandise consumed. One must besides find if the protein really increased public presentation. While Gatorade made a conclusive determination. Accelerade did non. If an jock was traveling to do a determination on whether or non to buy a protein-infused athleticss drink. he or she would non be able to do a determination based on Accelerade’s research. Mentions: Bennett. J. O. Briggs. W. L. . A ; Triola. M. F. ( 2003 ) . Statistical concluding for mundane life ( 2nd ed. ) . Boston. MA: Pearson Education. Inc. Preidt. R. Health Day News. ( Aug 2006 ) . Studies Divided on Value of Adding Protein to Sports Drinks. Retrieved September 4. 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medicinenet. com /script/main/art. asp? articlekey=63522.

Assesment 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assesment 2 - Coursework Example In a market economy the price system automatically acts as a rationing instrument. With the help of the diagram given above we can easily explain the determination of market price and at the given demand and supply functions and the system will not allow either of the agents to exploit other. The horizontal and vertical axes measure quantity and price respectively. D is the market demand curve showing the one to one correspondence between price and market demand. S is the market supply curve that reflects the producers’ behaviour. S is nothing but the one to one correspondence between market price and supply of it. Equilibrium is achieved at point E where market demand equals market supply. The equilibrium level of price is OP* and quantity is OQ*. Now we consider that producers want to exploit the consumers by charging higher price. What will be the impact$2 Let’s consider that the producer charges new price OP**. At that price level the producers will be willing to supply OQ** amount of output while the consumers are willing to purchase OQd amount of the product. Hence at price OP** the market will face excess demand to the extent AB. This excess demand would cause a downward pressure on price as the producers have the unsold stock in the hand. Price fall would be followed by contraction in supply (movement from B to E) and extension in demand (movement from A to E). This process is continued unless the previous equilibrium is achieved. Here automatic adjustment of price will control the quantity in the market. To answer the aforesaid question we need to know what wealth is. Generally wealth can be defined as something that can generate income or can satisfy human wants. Wealth must be measurable tangible, transferable and scarce in nature. When the goods are produced through the production process it adds to the stock of wealth of the nation. As good is measurable, tangible

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff Essay

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff - Essay Example Similarly, Wolbers elucidates, â€Å"Dual system participants combine fixed-term contracts with full-time employment while studying workers are not very different from their non-studying colleagues. Working students are more often employed on a part-time basis. Nevertheless, the permanency of these student jobs is fairly high, much closer to the situation of regular employees rather than to that of dual system students† (2003). However, it is believed that â€Å"since the work-life system is multi- and not just two-dimensional, it is important to examine how all life domains interrelate with each other. In this way, we would be in a better position to begin to assess all the benefits and disadvantages associated with working part-time and with other work-life balancing strategies† (Warren, 2004). â€Å"For both men and women, the likelihood to return-to-work increased with increasing number of opportunities to adjust. Adjustment latitude increased returning to part-tim e as well as full-time work. The study indicates that work organization is important for return-to-work† (Gun, 2006). In addition, it is highlighted that â€Å"females, freshmen and full-time (versus part-time) students reported a greater degree of exposure to stressors† ((Buchanan, et al, 2004).â€Å"There are very few small businesses that do not offer coverage and that have substantial numbers of uninsured workers. These businesses are not quite as rare as a needle in a haystack, but they are very difficult to find†.

Ethnicity and Health Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethnicity and Health Assignment - Essay Example Regarding this issue it is stated by Julian that â€Å"the low mortality and morbidity among migrants despite the low socioeconomic location of many is explained by the fact that migrant selection includes a medical examination leading to the exclusion of those with medical problems† (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 1996, p. 35; National Health Strategy 1993, pp. 37, 40-43, in Julian, 106). In other words, the preventive medical tests provided to migrants (mostly as a precaution against a possible ‘contamination’ of the population of the greater area) in fact has been proved to be valuable as it leads to the identification of diseases that could be diagnosed only when developed at a high level. From a different point of view, the study of Julian showed that â€Å"the health of migrant women is influenced by ethnicity, class and gender† (108). It is also noticed that there are certain health problems that are not appropriately addressed, like ‘pregnancy/child ­birth and domestic violence’ (Julian, 108). In accordance with the above the higher injury rates and the depression in migrant women could be explained by the problems that face with their health on a permanent basis due to events that are mainly connected with their gender and social characteristics. The conditions of life of migrants could justify the health problems (particularly the injuries and the depression) that this part of the population faces continuously. However, generally the health problems appeared in migrants could be characterized as less ‘fatal’ than the relevant problems appeared in the native born Australians. For this reason, a relevant research showed that â€Å"overseas-born persons experience all-cause death rates 10% to 15% lower than for Australian-born persons. Asian-born immigrants have especially low death rates for

Database Design And Development For Veterinary Surgery Computer Science Essay

Database Design And Development For Veterinary Surgery Computer Science Essay Petcare is a medium sized veterinary surgery with six branches across London. There is the entity relationship model of the data held by Petcare. Petcare want a database system developed to handle the records of the animals they care for, prescriptions and appointments. According to an initial analysis of Petcare, the entities include owner, animal, breed, animal type, appointment, veterinary doctor, branch, prescription, drug and drug type. Owner and Animal is One to Many Relationship All animals have an owner. Breed and Animal is One to Many Relationship Animals are defined by particular breed. Animal Type and Breed is One to Many Relationship Animals are defined by type (dog, cat, rabbit, etc) and also by particular breed Animal and Appointment is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The appointments for each animal are based upon the owner request. Veterinary doctor and Appointment is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The appointments for each Veterinary doctor are based upon the diagnosis made and the charge made. Branch and Veterinary doctor is One to Many Relationship Appointments are at particular branches of Petcare. Appointment and Prescription is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The outcome of the appointment might be have a prescription or more than one prescription. Prescription and Drug is One to Many Relationship (Optional) The outcome of the appointment might be a prescription with one or more drugs on it Drug Type and Drug is One to Many Relationship The drug must be taken for, based upon the drug type of prescription. Entity -relationship modeling database modeling methods used to produce the type of conceptual schema, or semantic data model, system, often a relational database and its requirements for top-down fashion. Entity-relationship models are used in the first phase of information system for clarify the types of information. And it is necessary to be stored in a database at the stage of requirements analysis. Animal Appointment Prescription Owner Veterinary doctor Drug Type Drug Animal Breed Animal Type Branch Definition of Optionality and Cardinality Symbols at the ends of the relationship lines indicate the optionality and the cardinality of each relationship. Optionality expresses whether the relationship is optional or mandatory. Cardinality expresses the maximum number of relationships. As a relationship line is followed from an entity to another, near the related entity two symbols will appear. The first of those is the optionality indicator. A circle ( â„ ¢ ) indicates that the relationship is optional-the minimum number of relationships between each instance of the first entity and instances of the related entity is zero. One can think of the circle as a zero, or a letter O for optional. A stroke ( | ) indicates that the relationship is mandatory-the minimum number of relationships between each instance of the first entity and instances of the related entity is one. The second symbol indicates cardinality. A stroke ( | ) indicates that the maximum number of relationships is one. A crows-foot ( ) indicates that many such relationships between instances of the related entities might exist. Task 2 Table is a data (value), is the model of the vertical columns (which identifies the name) and the horizontal lines. A specified number of columns in the table, it may be any number of rows. Each row to identify the subset of the values in the column, which has been identified as a candidate key. Table in another term relationship, although there is the difference that a table is usually a multi-set (bag) as a series, and does not allow copies. In addition, the actual data rows, the panels are generally associated with some other meta-data, such as restrictions on the table or the values in columns. Primary key: Primary key is a field / combination of fields. It is uniquely identify a record in the table, so each tag can be placed without any confusion. Primary key is the field (s) (primary key can be made up of more than one field). It is uniquely identifies each record, such as the primary key is unique to each record and the value will never be duplicated in the same table. A constraint is a rule that defines what data are valid for the area. So the primary key constraint is the rule which says that the primary key field can not be empty and can not contain duplicate data. Database systems always have more than one table, and these are usually related in any way. For example, a customer table and an Order table relate to each other on a unique customer number. The customer table will always be a record for per customer, and the Order table has a record for each order Foreign keys: A foreign key (sometimes referred to as the reference key) is a key for link two tables together. you will have a primary key field from one table and paste it into another table, which becomes the foreign key (the primary key in the original table). Foreign key constraints that the data in the foreign keys must be consistent with the primary key of the table are linked. This is called reference integrity is to ensure that data entered is correct and is not unique Owner Table Animal Table Owner Name Animal Name Owner ID Animal ID Owner Address *Animal Type Owner Home Telephone Number *Animal Breed Owner Mobile Telephone Number Animal Sex Animal Age Appointment Table Appointment Number Animal Type Table Appointment ID Animal Type ID *Animal Dog *Owner Cat *Veterinary Doctor Rabbit *Branch Appointment Time and Date Animal Breed Table Appointment Diagnosis Made Animal Breed ID Appointment Charge Made Outcome Prescription Table Prescription ID *Drug Type Veterinary doctor Table Prescription Period Veterinary Doctor ID Prescription In Days Veterinary Doctor Name The drug must be taken for Veterinary Doctor Address The cost of the medication Veterinary Doctor Home Telephone Number Drug Table Veterinary Doctor Moblie Telephone Number Drug ID *Branch Drug Names *Specialise Drug Type Table Branch Table Drug Type ID Branch Name Drug Type Names Branch ID Branch Address Branch Telephone Number Branch Opening Hours Branch Emergency Contact Telephone Number In Owner Table Primary key Owner ID In Appointment Table Primary key Appointment ID Foreign keys *Animal *Owner *Veterinary Doctor *Branch In Veterinary doctor Table Primary key Veterinary Doctor ID Foreign keys *Branch *Specialise In Branch Table Primary key Branch ID In Animal Table Primary key Animal ID Foreign keys *Animal Type *Animal Breed In Animal Type Table Primary key Animal Type ID In Animal Breed Table Primary key Animal Breed ID In Prescription Table Primary key Prescription ID Foreign keys * Drug Type In Drug Table Primary key Drug ID Drug Type Table Primary key Drug Type ID Task 3 Tables of Data Hold by Petcare MS Access is chosen to set up the tables of data hold by Petcare . Owner Table Appointment Table Veterinary doctor Table Branch Table Animal Table Animal Type Table Animal Breed Table Drug Table Drug Type Table Normalization is a set of rules .It can be used to modify the way data is stored in tables. Normalize the process of converting complex data structures into sample, stable data structures. It is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. The advantage of the normalization process is to reduce data redundant and ensure data dependencies make sense. Normalization has the following steps: Gathering data, choosing a key, converting to first normal form, converting to second normal form, converting to third normal form, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF and domain-Key NF. 5NF and DKNF are not particularly applicable in database design. Normalization is a bottom up approach to database design, The designer interviews users and collects documents reports etc. The data on a report can be listed and then normalized to produce the required tables and attributes. 1NF This is the basic level of normalization, and it generally corresponds to the definition of any database, namely: It contains 2D tables with rows and columns. Each column corresponds to a sub-object or an attribute of the object represented by the all entire table. Each row represents a unique instance of that sub-object or attribute and must be different to some way from any other row. All entries in all columns must be of the same kind. 2NF -Second normal form (2NF). At this level of normalization, each column in a table is not to determine of the contents of another column must itself be a function of the other columns in the table 3NF-Third normal form (3NF). In the second normal form, modifications are still possible; it is because a change to one row in a table may affect data that refers to this information from another table. In the third normal form, these tables will be divided into two tables so that product pricing would be tracked separately Task 4 DBMS is a collection of software programs, the organization, storage, management and retrieval of data in a database. DBMS are categorized according to their structures and data types. It is a series of programs that are used to store, update and retrieve a database. The DBMS accepts requests for data from the program and shows the system to the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information can be changed much easier than organizing the information requirements change. New types of data may be included in the database, without the existing system. Organizations may be a kind of DBMS for daily business and then in detail on another computer, with another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are covered by the data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is supported by the database administrators. Database servers are computers that have the actual database, and run only the software and the associated DBMS. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, hardware database accelerators are also available in large quantities of transaction processing environments. Database systems can be found in the heart of most database applications. Sometimes database systems to a private multitasking kernel with built-in networking support although nowadays these functions are left to the operating system. A DBMS consists of four parts: modeling language, data structure, database query language, transaction and mechanisms: Components of the DBMS DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and in fact to the database and data dictionary as they appear on a single device. Data definition subsystem helps users to create and the data dictionary and the structure of the files in a database. Data manipulation subsystem helps users add, modify and delete information in a database query and for valuable information. Software tools within the data handling subsystem is usually the primary interface between users and the information contained in a database. It allows user to the logical requirements. Application number generation subsystem includes facilities, the user transactions to develop applications. It usually requires that users with a detailed series of tasks to a transaction. IT facilities easy to use input masks, programming languages, interfaces and data management subsystem .* helps users to manage the database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control and change management. Five components of the DBMS DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalent, and in fact to the database and data dictionary as they appear on a single device. Data definition subsystem helps users to create and the data dictionary and the structure of the files in a database. Data manipulation subsystem helps users add, modify and delete information in a database query and for valuable information. Software tools within the data handling subsystem is usually the primary interface between users and the information contained in a database. It allows user to the logical requirements. Application number generation subsystem includes facilities, the user transactions to develop applications. It usually requires that users with a detailed series of tasks to a transaction. IT facilities easy to use input masks, programming languages and interfaces. Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control and change management. Access has become an industry standard in desktop and database engine is very powerful. Integration with speech recognition capabilities, the data and menus very easy. There are a large number of templates, including the one you can download online, what the creation of new databases very easy. The ability, they can not just be productive quickly, but you can also use things that meet your specific needs. Connectivity options are an advantage Access databases can connect to Excel spreadsheets, ODBC Connections, SQL Server and SharePoint Services sites for the live data. Tables in these sources can be linked and for the preparation of reports. Structured Query Language Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that the computer database for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). Its scope includes data query and updating of schema creation and modification, data and access control. SQL was one of the first languages for Edgar F. Codd s relational model in his influential paper, A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks and was the most widely used language for relational databases. Many-to-Many Relationships A many-to-many relationships we have created a situation in which many companies cases are linked to many other business entities. The only way to resolve this situation and enforce the principle of minimizing redundancy of normalization is to create an intermediary table containing the primary key from the above tables. Creation of multiple connections between two tables would cause the replication of data, which is bad and will interweaving relationships can definitely wreck every good program you have in mind. The solution would be to create a third table, which as a cross-reference table. This cross-table (commonly known as X-REF) is the primary key columns from the previous two tables, and thus we have a relationship, when the X-REF table is a child table with the two parent companies earlier tables. We map the manifold relations of a third relationship in a third table. Therefore, we are opposed to our task of producing two individual one-to-many relationships, that are foreign keys relations with the parent table primary key. Microsoft Access Database Microsoft Access, you can easily create databases, store and present your data in forms and reports. When starting a database can be very simple and trivial, but over time, it may be critical, as you have more data, functions, and even share them with others. It gains a life of its own and the design will be of crucial importance. One of the main architectural designs is splitting the database into a front-end and back-end database. This is the way access has been designed so that you support multi-user databases to significantly simplify and improve how you use over time. Reasons for using a split database architecture Without a separate database architecture, you must update the database with the latest data that people have with each new release. Application number expansions are simplified because they are the front-end database without worrying about changes to the data in the back-end database. Release of new versions and bug fixes will be much easier, since only part of the application must be distributed. Of course, if you change table structures or add / delete / rename the tables, you must apply these changes on the back-end database. Performance can be significantly improved and the network traffic is reduced, if the user has a copy of the front-end database on the desktop instead of from the net every time they use it. Temporary tables can be kept for each user in the front-end database. This avoids collisions between multiple simultaneous users, if they were all equipped with a database. Without sharing a database, multiple users with the same database on the network increases the chance of database corruption. The split database design minimizes the problem and prevents code corruption of data impact of corruption. This simplifies database administration, because the data is centrally stored and backed up and compressed. A single master front-end database application will be copied to each user of the machine, but it is not necessary to. Provides the opportunity to create a database on the size of 2 GB size limitation of access as the front-end database can be found on several back-end databases, if necessary. Sets the stage for migration to SQL Server. If the application needs the functionality of SQL Server, you can use the front-end database to link to data stored in SQL Server. The access is for desktop use, more like a personal database. There can be multiple users in a workgroup in order, the total number of users (usually around 50 or so at a time) is small, however. This means that access is more useful for individual departments or the SMB (small and medium business sectors). Access also has difficulties with databases larger than 2 GB in size, but just to be safe you should limit use to about 1 GB. As you scale up the size, performance is slow (almost to the point of unresponsiveness). Use of multimedia data, even your digital camera photos can eat place very quickly. Until the 2007-version came on, even the way the pictures and other facilities for storage in Access databases to a bloat. Although the investment in Access 2007 takes care of that 2 GB of space could be very fast. Many pointed out that the SQL Server database is a real, as they compete with enterprise-level databases such as Oracle. Another difficulty pointed out by many, as the publication of anything other than static files is a problem with Access. It takes some work to access the data interactively. But you can SharePoint, a significantly large investments. Many believe that the SQL in MS Access is not as robust as the other databases. It is a very widespread belief that access is geared to developers than end users. Microsoft Access is an well organized development environment used to create computer-based databases. It also includes a programming language called Visual Basic For Application (VBA) and various libraries. This language and the libraries are used in a programming environment called Microsoft Visual Basic, which also includes in Microsoft Access. Microsoft Access 2007 is a full-featured database application which users can use it to manage, track and share information from multiple sources. It lets users easily create a user-friendly database for storing business or personal records, such as addresses, business partners and business transactions. Task 5 The use of data base management system When analyzing the Entity Relationship Data Model, it is quite easy to garble roles. We need to be more careful to identify them. When choosing data base management system (DBMS) to set up the normalized tables. There are many DBMS software surrounding the internet, e.g. Oracle, MySQL, Ms Access, ASP, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In this case, We choose Microsoft Access because it has its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can import or link easily and directly to any data stored in other Access databases, excel, Share Point lists, text, XML, Outlook, HTML, dBase, Paradox, Lotus 1-2-3, or any ODBC-compliant data container including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL and PostgreSQL. We can use it to develop application Software and non-programmer power users can use it to build simple applications. It also supports some object-oriented techniques but falls short of being a fully object-oriented development tool. Microsoft Access is part of the Microsoft Office suite and is the most popular Windows desktop database application. It is targeted for the information worker market, and is the natural progression for managing data when the need for a relational database arises or after reaching the limits of Microsoft Excel. Object-orientation and databases Both object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since relational databases do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modelling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually based directly on these tables with user workflow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. The object-oriented (OO) approach to data modelling will be something of a change for people familiar with entity relationship modelling. Even though we still end up with tables and relationships at the end of the process, the way to think about the modelling process has to change. Object-relational data models have several advantages over traditional data models: They requir e fewer entities (or classes in object-oriented terminology); They are more robust, in that they will support not only the specific user requirements gathered during the analysis phase, but will also usually support a broader class of requirements; They are more stable in that, as new requirements arise, the models will require fewer changes than traditional models Improvement Data is not information unless it is valued. Information value provides profit or gain only when accessible or used. Accessibility and use, through organized systems, provides competitive advantage. Speed determines the degree of competitive advantage. Computerized database systems are thus, the ultimate method of high-speed information retrieval. It is not difficult to build an organized database system. The difficulty lies in the laborious, mundane task of collecting, categorizing and maintaining the massive amounts of data. Information is not valued unless it is legitimate. It must be valid and true to be worthy of use in decision-making. So, it is critical that all aspects of our system provide quality. To quote statistics based on erroneous data is considered foolish or criminal. The core of object-relational thinking is the ability to incorporate greater levels of abstraction into data models. This idea represents a major shift in the way that data modelling is done. Current relational databases are usually highly normalized but with little abstraction. Each thing of interest is instantiated as a relational table. As a result, systems frequently require numerous database tables and an equal number of screen modules and reports. The program modules are usually based directly on these tables with user workflow only instantiated through the way that the hundreds of screen modules interact. Based on the captioned analysis, we can change the approach to improve the work for setup of database in more effec tive way. There are a several database program applications for development and SQL database is very powerful tool. We can create the tables and query under SQL to setup the relationships of tables for generating the analysis reports. The database security issue is very important to protect the data and ensure that the database systems are secure from unauthorized access. Database security is normally assured by sing the data control mechanisms available under a particular DBMS. Data control comes in two parts: preventing unauthorized access to data, and preventing unauthorized access to the facilities of particular DBMS. Database security will be a task for the Database Administrator normally conducted in collaboration with the organizations security expert. The performance is a relativistic concept. A volume analysis estimates of the maximum and average number of instances per entity. A usage analysis a priorities list of the most important update and retrieval transactions expect ed to impact on the applications data model. For the integrity analysis inherent integrity constraints and most important domain with additional constraints can be specified in an associated data dictionary. The database systems have become so important to organizations that the activity is devoted to planning for, monitoring and administering the systems. We can focus on the planning and managerial activities relevant to database. It is defined the concept of data administration, the scope of the data administration function, relate the costs and benefits of having a data administration functions. It also defines the concept of a data dictionary and considers the issue of database security. The data control is primary function for the database administrator (DBA). The DBA needs to be able to do three main things: Prevent would-be users from logging-on to the database Allocate access to specific parts of the database to specific users

The Story of Anne Frank Essay -- Essays Papers

The Story of Anne Frank Learning about the Holocaust can be extremely difficult due to the massive amount of information it entails. In addition, the Holocaust was a tragic event on so massive a scale it is hard to emotionally comprehend. Comparison is a common way of better understanding and exploring unknown topics. One further step is to bring the topic to a personal level, so one can actually relate known concepts and individual ideas to any new aspects. In other words, an individual in today’s society will receive a deeper and more thorough understanding of the Holocaust if able to compare with an individual living during the Holocaust. One individual who has made it possible to learn more about the Holocaust on a personal level is Anne Frank. This young Jewish girl preserved everyday events during the Holocaust in a diary she kept. For two years Anne was hiding from Nazis, and while imprisoned she used her diary for an escape mentally and emotionally. A quote from Eleanor Roosevelt describes her diary the best. "This is a remarkable book. Written by a young girl-and the young are not afraid of telling truth-it is one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read." 1 This diary in every sense of the word is a "gift" given by Anne Frank, to all those who pursue learning of the Holocaust and to those who still await peace and satisfaction within their own hearts. Anne and her family moved from Germany to Holland even before World War II began. Anne’s father felt it was just as well to turn one’s back on Hitler’s Germany and be secure and protected by their adopted homeland, Holland. 2 Anne was only four when she was introduced to her new home. During the period ... ...k, 23. 7. Frank, 120. 8. Frank, 126. 9. Frank, 211. 10. Frank, 285. 11. Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." 12. Frank, 211. 13. Miller, Internet. 14. Miller, Internet. 15. Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Bibliography - Collier’s Dictionary, s.v. "typhus." - Gies, Miep, and Alison Leslie Gold. Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the Frank Family. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987. - Graver, Lawrence. An Obsession with Anne Frank. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. - Frank, Anne. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. Translated by B. M. Mooyaart- Doubleday. New York: Random House, Inc., 1952. - Miller, M. F., "Anne Frank Online," http://www.annefrank.com/ The Anne Frank Story

Institutional Affiliation

Terrorism within our borders was not something that people thought of daily if ever. Radio advertisements that instructed us on how to talk to our children about terrorist attacks, as though it were similar to a tornado warning, is not something that I anticipated in my lifetime. The atrocity that occurred on 9/11 is not something that is supposed to happen here, but it did. We are challenged by the infiltration of immigrants to our country, whether legal or illegal. Our citizens are fearful of the future attacks that are threatened and at times the very presence of the Arab population within our communities.International terrorism threatens the United States, its allies, and the world community. Defeating the terrorist enemy requires sound policies, united government effort, and international cooperation. In light of that, it is difficult to remember as you board an airplane with six Arab passengers, that we live in the â€Å"melting pot. † America was founded on freedoms, fr eedom of speech and freedom of religion, to name a few. How do we, as a country, monitor and measure our safety, while ensuring the freedoms that are afforded our citizens? How do we deal with the threat of terrorism within our own borders?Can we provide safety by simply following the laws of our country? As a senior counter-terrorism official, it is my responsibility to ensure the safety of our communities. Local law enforcement plays a critical role in enhancing the safety in communities. Communication links between local law enforcement and state and federal government will further the effectiveness of this program. It will be my responsibility to encourage local law enforcement in their fight against terrorism. We do not have the right to intrude on the religious activities of Arabs or anyone else within our communities without just cause.Defining terrorism in a country based on freedoms is a difficult task. Our country’s downfall is we have still not attempted to deal wi th or identify the causes of terrorism. We must identify the cause and the potential activities which threaten our society. The problem of terrorism–the problem of a relatively small number of violent lawbreakers who have set out to undermine our democratic way of life and seek either to blackmail the government through violence or the threat of violence to comply with their demands, or to overthrow the government entirely. We should all think about what kind of country we want to live in.To be truly patriotic means recognizing our responsibilities to uphold the democratic principles which make this the freest nation on Earth. It is important to remember that the opening words of the Constitution are `We the People' not `I the People. ‘ Being a citizen in a democracy means that you can't organize your own private army because you disagree with the actions of the democratically elected government. We need to focus on restorative justice. Restorative justice is grounded i n the focus on the harm created, not simply on the breach of law. This means that the first priority isunderstanding and responding to the needs of victims and the healing of victims. The direct victims are the primary focus, but everyone else who has been touched by the crime is also involved, including the community as a whole. To address the harm to victims, restorative justice believes that we must affirm moral responsibility and the need for accountability on the part of those who have done the harm. Restorative justice sees the past in the context of the present and the future, looking at: * what accountability is needed to address the harm to the victims; * what accountability would provide the offender the opportunity to dorestitution or reparation or whatever needs to be done to address the harm created; and * what accountability is needed for the restoration of community, including the restoration of the victim and the offender into community. Such accountability assumes t he need for safety. This involves the whole community taking responsibility for the victims as well as the offender, including seeing everyone in a human context that is broader than just the moment of the crime. Finally, restorative justice is about the engagement of all parties, including the larger community, in working towards healingthe harm and the creation of community, a community that includes both the victims and the offenders. Within our communities, it is critical that we appropriately monitor the business of individuals who have been associated or are believed to be associated with known terrorists. There are already procedures in place to monitor the actions of these individuals. It would not be appropriate to infiltrate communities on the basis of race, unless there are specific ties to known terrorists. Ethically, homeland security is responsible for the safety of all individuals within ourborders and cannot pick and choose based on race. Known terrorists, whether Am erican born or a foreign national, once captured should all receive the same treatment and rights. Recent actions of military in Iraq and elsewhere, if interpreted by the Iraqi people, may give rise to the belief that Americans are in fact the terrorists. The torture of Iraqi captives and the outright murder of innocent Iraqi civilians could lead one to believe that we are no better than Al Queda. We do not have the right to torture terrorists in order to gain information. Effective counterterrorism should take the form of prevention.We need to neutralize the terrorist organization by weakening it or making potential targets more difficult to attack. After the attacks of 9/11, an important distinction was drawn between the U. S. argument that an attack on Afghan soil was legitimate because of the Taliban's close and supportive relationship with al Qaeda and the more extended claim, that one nation could launch an attack within another nation's sovereign territory, even if there was no state support for terrorists acting within the borders.If evidence is present that a particular state has intentionally supported global terrorism and continues to do so, the case can be made for armed force to avoid future terrorist attacks within the framework of the just war tradition. A state linked to support of terrorism against another nation is engaged in a war of aggression. Any country that is the object of terrorist attacks has a right to defend itself. In effect, the case against the Taliban was not intervention for regime change but a war of self-defense against a government that was directly complicit in terrorist attacks. (Himes, 2004) The attack on Iraq does not meet the criteria of Just War.President Bush and his advisors presented a case for armed intervention in order to stop the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Concern that enemies might use such weapons has fueled the new debate. The United States declared its willingness to initiate attacks upon adversaries it considers to be threatening. Anti-Americanism is alive and well in all parts of the world. Within our own borders, Anti-Americanism is not as widespread as is the disillusionment with our own government. It is not the foundations of America that are at issue, but the interpretation and thus application of our ability to affect the rest of the world.

Free Essays on The Business World

The business world is an ever-growing technology world. Today we have fax machines, laptops, cell phones etc†¦ and the business world is using all these advances to their advantages. Mr. Peretz made that clear in his presentation. I can’t say I learn much from him because most of what he said I already new. The only thing I can say that was interesting is the security card. This card helped because as we spoke in class one time about the measures that taken to prevent misuse of information systems. The other thing that Mr.Peretz helped in is about the world of investing. As I mentioned in my goals I most invest, If I could get in contact with him again, I will surely like his help in investing so he could make me a little below two billion dollars. He knows what he is doing and proud of what he does. I would love to be in his position when I am in the working business world. Overall, Mr.Peretz help me appreciate the value of an Alfred University degree. I know that when I graduate from this school that I will be prepared for the business world. Hopefully, I will be making a lot of money as well. I really enjoyed this experience and hope we have more alumni presentations in the class. It’s good to know what our text is stating is not false.... Free Essays on The Business World Free Essays on The Business World The business world is an ever-growing technology world. Today we have fax machines, laptops, cell phones etc†¦ and the business world is using all these advances to their advantages. Mr. Peretz made that clear in his presentation. I can’t say I learn much from him because most of what he said I already new. The only thing I can say that was interesting is the security card. This card helped because as we spoke in class one time about the measures that taken to prevent misuse of information systems. The other thing that Mr.Peretz helped in is about the world of investing. As I mentioned in my goals I most invest, If I could get in contact with him again, I will surely like his help in investing so he could make me a little below two billion dollars. He knows what he is doing and proud of what he does. I would love to be in his position when I am in the working business world. Overall, Mr.Peretz help me appreciate the value of an Alfred University degree. I know that when I graduate from this school that I will be prepared for the business world. Hopefully, I will be making a lot of money as well. I really enjoyed this experience and hope we have more alumni presentations in the class. It’s good to know what our text is stating is not false....

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Example

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Example Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay The STM with its unmatched combination of high vertical and lateral resolution in a promising new tool that can be operated under ambient conditions, yielding three-dimensional detailed images, (H. Strecker and G. Persch, 1990, p441-445). The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) is a solid-state microscope based on the principle of quantum mechanical tunnelling of electrons between a sharp tip and a conducting sample. Surfaces can be studied by allowing the individual atoms to be imaged in real space. By scanning the tip across a sample surface it is possible to image directly the three dimensional structure of a surface down to atomic scale resolutions. Prior to the invention of STM, the only way that surface structures could be deduced was by more indirect methods such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED) or medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS). Technique The tip used in STM is very sharp and ideally terminates into a single atom. The tip is mounted onto a system of piezo electric drives, which provide movement in three dimensions. (http://nanowiz.tripod.com/stmbasic/stmbasic.htm, 14/10/03). The movement is controllable with sub-atomic scale accuracy and can be brought within a few Amstroms of the conducting sample surface. The metallic tip and the conducting substrate are in very close proximity but are not in actual physical contact, ( chem.qmw.ac.uk/surfaces/scc/, 7/10/03). At separations as small as this, the outer electron orbitals of the tip and sample overlap. On the application of a bias voltage between the tip and the surface, electrons are able to tunnel through the vacuum barrier via the quantum mechanical tunnelling effect. The direction of current flow is determined by the polarity of the bias. If the sample is biased negative with respect to the tip, then electrons will flow from the surface to the tip as shown above, whilst if the sample is biased positive with respect to the tip, then electrons will flow from the tip to the surface as shown below. (chem.qmw.ac.uk/surfaces/scc/, 7/10/03). The exponential (in vacuum) decay of the electron wavefunctions means that the tunnelling current is extremely sensitive to the tip-sample separation. This provides a very fine resolution of the surface. Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling The infinite potential walled particle in a box theory does not allow any of the wave function to escape the box as it would have to have more than infinity energy to cross the barrier. Allowing the potential energy well to be a finite number has the effect of making it possible for the wave function of a particle that is trapped in this potential well, to partially escape and thus have a presence outside the confines of the box. The wave function can transverse the potential barrier, although it will decay exponentially through the barrier. Assuming that the wave function does not totally decay away before the end of the barrier, the particle can have a physical presence on the other side of the potential barrier. If the potential barrier is long range, then the wave function will decay away exponentially and tend towards zero. Upon reaching the end of the potential barrier, the particle will have an infinite small wave function and zero presence on the other side of the barrier. This property is known as quantum mechanical tunnelling. (chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm729/STMpage/stmdet.htm,10/10/03). The quantum mechanical phenomenon creates the high degree of sensitivity necessary for atomic scale imaging of surfaces. The quantum mechanical tunnelling current is highly dependent on the tip-surface distance. The distance between tip and surface is usually of the order of 0.3 nm and the tunnelling voltage V ranges from a few mV up to a few V, depending on the conductivity of the surface. The tunnelling current typically varies between 10 pA and 1 nA, (fys.kuleuven.ac.be/vsm /spm/introduction.html12/10/03). The tunnel current decreases to 1/10 of its initial value for every 0.1 nm increase in gap separation, (Kaiser, W. J. Stroscio, J. A., 1993, p78) The essential aspect of STM is the extreme sensitivity of the tunnelling current to the tip sample separation. It is therefore important to realise that the tunnelling current is a quantum phenomenon. In classical physics the current could not flow across a gap. Modes of Operation Constant height mode In this mode the vertical position of the tip is not changed, equivalent to a slow or disabled feedback. The tunnelling current varies depending on topography and the local surface electronic properties of the sample. The current as a function of lateral position represents the surface image. This mode is only appropriate for atomically flat surfaces. If the surface were not flat, the STM tip would crash. An advantage of constant height mode is that it can be used at high scanning frequencies (up to 10 kHz). (http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2002/sm242/stmdesign.htm, 12/10/03). Constant current mode In the constant-current mode, the current is used as the input to a feedback circuit that moves the scanner together with the tip up and down in the height direction. With an applied potential, the tip is brought close to the sample surface until the tunnelling current set point is detected, at which point the constant-current feedback loop is locked. When the tip moves laterally to a new position, any subtle sample-tip distance variation will lead to the fluctuation of the tunnelling current. Consequently, the feedback circuit will move the tip up and down until the current keeps the set-point value. As a result, the moving tip keeps the constant sample-tip distance, tracing the surface topography. The main advantage of constant current mode is that the tip will not crash into a large cluster of atoms at the surface. Constant current mode can measure irregular surfaces with high precision, but the measurement takes more time, (http://std2.fic.uni.lodz. pl/stm.html, 13/10/03). (http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2002/sm242/stmdesign.htm, 12/10/03). Tip etching The construction of the tip is one of the most crucial aspects of STM. The tip must be approximately one atom thick in order for the STM to be carried out effectively. Surface pictures can appear to be distorted due to the presence of more than one sharp protrusion, (Ouseph, P. J. Gossman, M., 1998, 701-704). Some important characteristics of a tip are * Sharp tips which allow high resolution STM observations * Small resonance area * Thick taper to reduce tip oscillation during STM scans (mme.wsu.edu/~reu/poster2000/Ronald2000/ronald/ppframe.htm, 14/10/03) Multiple tips can be formed when suspended particles are picked up from the etching solution, (NaOH, KCN). Multiple tips often lead to the occurrence of shadow effects and ghost images, (physik.tu-berlin.de/institute/IFFP/daehne/ index.htm?/institute/ IFFP/daehne /forsch/rs-tips.htm, 20/10/03). Conditions The STM can operate in many different kinds of environments. A simple STM can be run in ambient air. However, in order to achieve effective results in Surface Science the STM is run in ultra-high vacuum. Vibration Isolation As the tip is oscillating across a very small area, it is important to isolate vibration. Vibration is kept to a minimum by several methods. Placing the STM on a spring/damping table is one way to cut out vibrations travelling through the floor. The first typical isolation system is the coiled spring suspension with magnetic damping and the second is a stack of metal plates with viton dampers between each pair of steel plates, (Kaiser, W. J., 1993, pp58). The basement level of a building is preferred because there are lower level of vibrations. To stop wave propagating through the air, a foam cover can be placed over the instrument, (mme.wsu.edu/~reu/Matt/Matt.htm, (19/10/03).